Growth in the U.K. Economy :: Economics Britain Essays

Growth in the U.K. EconomyAfter the Second World contend, Britain enjoyed the longest boom in itshistory until the 1973-74 oil crisis. There argon many, though, who donot view this as a successful period of Britains history. AlthoughBritain experienced unprecedented reaping, its rove of increase wass impoverisheder than that for many other countries. It is whence debatableas to whether this was a successful period of Britains history ornot. This essay will examine the statistics of Britains growth afterthe Second World War and compare this to statistics for othercountries as well as statistics from Britains past. This will provideevidence to accurately assess Britains growth performance during thisperiod. The essay will besides examine possible reasons for Britainsrelative decline such as demand management Government policies,balance of payments problems, an over reliance on traditionalmanufacturing industries, low investment in capital stock, Trade Unionpower, poor management, poor business structure and a poor educationsystem.The 25 years from 1948 to 1973 produced growth faster than had beenseen in any previous period of equivalent length. During this period,real gross domestic product doubled. The increase in the average growth rate from 2% to 2.8% shows that UKproductivity increased considerably. During the 1950s, there were noconcerns about the UK growth rate. The standard of living was stillhigher than that of any other EEC state except Belgium and higherthan it had ever been in Britains history. It was twice as high asItaly and 50% higher than West Germany.When compared to the performance of other countries, though, UK growth pass judgment are less impressive. Other EEC countries had growth ratesroughly double that of the UK, between 5% and 6%. This caused greatconcern amongst many politicians and economists at the time. Mosteconomists look back on the period as a failure. Elbaum and Lazonick,two North American economi sts say If there is much to be eruditefrom the Japanese success, it is our conviction that the United Statesmay have even more to learn from the decline of Britain The significance of a difference of 3% in the growth rate is that, iftwo countries have a level start, the faster growing country will havetwice the output of the slower country in 25 years. This showed thatBritain was in relative decline and justified some of the fears of

Free Internet Essays: We Must Not Permit Internet Censorship :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

We Must Not Permit Internet Censorship The lucre is the largest and most diverse source of randomness our planet has ever make don. The internet is integrating our daily life transactions. This is possible because newspapers, television programs, movies, phone calls, computer data, commercial services such as banking and shopping, and a host of other sources of development and communication are all being reduced to the same digital format, and are all be sent along fiber optic logical argument (Harvard Law Review, 1994). The libraries of the world, once on line will combine to form a larger base of information than anyone ever imagined. This vast library of information will be accessible in an instant, with the click of a mouse, where internet technology is available. We can compare the internet to another technological advance, which also changed the world. The companionship potential created by the diverse information accessible on the web is similar to the energy potenti al realized when we discovered nuclear energy. Like nuclear energy, knowledge is very powerful, and can be apply to for both good and evil deeds. Knowledge can indeed have the same converse oppose side to it like nuclear energy does. Nuclear energy can be used to power entire cities, or it can be used to erase them. There is an important distinction to be made here. Knowledge is what we use to search for the truth in life, and this fact makes knowledge indispensable. Once we know the truth we can be free from use of goods and services. Because the internet is so unique in the way it allows access to information, we must protect the internet as a very precious resource. Censoring the internet, a cause, leads to a chain of related effects. The first of which is the upset of the natural balance of information on the internet. This happens when information is removed, thusly narrowing the spectrum of available information. From this spectrum of information we derive bits of knowledg e. So the second effect of censoring the internet is reduced knowledge. If we allow censorship to weaken the material our intrusive tool, knowledge, is made of, then we might even lose the truth. The loss of the truth is the third effect of censoring the internet. The final effect of censoring the internet is manipulation made easy. Before we follow this causal chain through its effects, I think it is important to explain what I mean by the truth.

Mobile Phones :: essays research papers

The Mobile Revolution Rakesh Mohan HallenBy March 2004 the total number of cell ph angiotensin converting enzyme users in India exceeded 3 crores. Experts call it a bustling revolution. People from all walks of life, of all ages use them. They carry it in their hands, pockets or purses. One can find advertisements related to cell phones anywhere roads, newspapers, and television. Theoretically one can contact a person carrying a mobile (cell phone) anywhere, anytime.But few are aware of the technology that makes it possible. It is not very difficult to set out aware of its nitty-gritties. How it worksTo use a cell phone one needs a handset. The handset of a cell phone, as you might score seen, has a small screen at one end and a panel of buttons below it. Some handsets have a small antenna that is project out from its, but it is not universal. Some modern handsets are foldable so that when not in use the panel of buttons is not visible, these handsets have a spaciousr screen th at can display colour pictures also. The essential component of the technology that make cell phone possible are networks of a large number of radio transmitters/ pass catchers. Each cell phone company has a network of this kind that is controlled in separately city/state by its substitution office known as MTSO (Mobile Telephone Switching Office) . You know that our torso is made up of many cells. These networks are also cellular akin to the body of any animal. The area covered by a cell phone company, a city or a state, for its services is divided into zones that are called its cells. indeed the network of a cellular company is made up of many such cells. Each of these cells has a moderately sized radio transmitter/receiver and a microprocessor based instrument aroundwhat like a computer, located at a place known as its base station. Base move can communicate with each other. They can easily located in a town/city because of the prominent size of their antenna above some bui ldings. A cell phone handset is also a low power radio transmitter/receiver. It can transmit as well as receive electromagnetic waves from its closest base station when it is powered on.As soon as one turns on a cell phone handset it listens for SID (System Identification Code - a unique 5-digit number that is assigned to each carrier by the central authority say TRAI (Telecom Regulatory Authority of India) and is programmed into each handset when it is activated by a company.

The Afro-American Newspaper Goes to War :: United States History African American Essays

The Afro-American Newspaper Goes to WarThe Baltimore-based theme The Afro-American has been in conception since 1892 under the proprietorship of the Murphy family, and by the 1940s had forged a place at the forefront of African-American journalism. The newspaper is still in occupancy today and is online at www.afro.com. Founded by John Murphy, a former slave, the Afro-American has grown from a church weekly to one of the nations leading black newspapers. The newspaper has used its column inches to campaign for the civil rights of African-Americans throughout the 20th century, from opposing the persistence of racist Jim Crow laws in the South to defending uplifted figures such as W.E. DuBois and Paul Robeson during the McCarthy-era anti-communism of the 1950s.1 During World War 2, when the U.S. military was still segregated along racial lines The Afro-American sent correspondents to cover the fighting alongside the various black American units that served in both the European an d Pacific theatres. These men and one woman were relaying to an audience of Maryland and Washington D.C. African Americans the roles fulfil by black American troops, fighting in a segregated military abroad. The primary impact of black and white Americans serving together was to be felt socially in the post- contend years. The Civil Rights movement that gained momentum in the 1950s owed much to the fact that many people engaged in war work during the 1940s, who in peacetime would never interact with one another on grounds of race, were challenged by their sh ard wartime experiences. The common danger, the common foe and hardships of battle are bringing American troops closer togetherSoldier by and by soldier has told me he can never be narrow-minded again after seeing such widespread human suffering.2 Ollie Stewart, correspondent for The Afro American, 1944 Compared with the quality of contemporary reports filed by embedded reporters in the 21st century US military, filtered by bo th the Pentagon and major media networks, some of the copy from the Afro correspondents is surprising given the circumstances under which it was filed. Despite the circumstances of war the reports filed by Afro correspondents used a number of authority to convey the reality of service in a segregated military without alarming the wartime censors, and did so with deep insight, humour and graphic accounts of the full spectrum of roles fulfilled by black service personnel. The Correspondents. Correspondents for the Afro American.

Analysis of Goodwill International Essays -- Nonprofit Analysis

Goodwill International is a not-for-profit organization whose main objective is to offer job trainings, employment placements, and other community-based projects to individuals with disabilities. The organization similarly extends its services to veterans who include people who lack the necessary job experience, education, or face challenges in securing employment. The non-profit organization is financed by a chain of retail closeness stores, which also operate as not-for-profit entities in places where they are situated. Goodwill is constituted by a system of 165 community based independent organizations run in 15 countries, including the United States, Brazil, Venezuela, Uruguay, Panama, and Canada among others. The organization uses the most part of its revenues to provide training, employment, and other relevant support to its dependants who are currently more than 6 million. This publisher assesses Goodwill International based on key concepts such as volunteerism, acc ountability, strategic planning, and fundraising in relation to its mission, vision, and purpose. In addition, the paper suggests several recommendations that could bring unhomogeneous benefits to Goodwill if implemented. Although Goodwill International is successful, it is not efficient and needs to implement additional strategies to improve its efficiency. There are a number of recommendations made in this paper to assist Goodwill International to enhance its efficiency. Some of the strategies include improvement of its communication strategy, enhancement of its fiscal health, implementation of new marketing strategies, incoming of employee performance measurement techniques, and changing its donation policies to include more items.Goodwill was founded... ...ngs from a national survey of nonprofit social services agencies. Nonprofit and spontaneous Sector Quarterly, 39(4), 571-587.Michalski, G. (2011). Operating cycle and nonprofit organization efficiency. Journal of Academic Research in Economics, 3(3), 584-598.Taylor, B. E., Ryan, W. P., & Chait, R. P. (2013). Governance as leadership Reframing the work of nonprofit boards. Hoboken, NJ Wiley.Waters, R. D., Burnett, E., Lamm, A., & Lucas, J. (2009). Engaging stakeholders through social networking How nonprofit organizations are using Facebook. Public Relations Review, 35(2), 102-106. Weerawardena, J., McDonald, R. E., & Mort, G. S. (2010). Sustainability of nonprofit organizations An empirical investigation. Journal of World Business, 45(4), 346-356.Worth, M. J. (2013). Nonprofit management Principles and practice. Washington, DC Sage Publications.

Analysis of Goodwill International Essays -- Nonprofit Analysis

Goodwill International is a not-for-profit organization whose main objective is to offer job trainings, employment placements, and some other community- found projects to individuals with disabilities. The organization also extends its run to veterans who include people who lack the necessary job experience, education, or face challenges in securing employment. The non-profit organization is financed by a strand of retail thrift stores, which also operate as not-for-profit entities in places where they are situated. Goodwill is constituted by a system of 165 community based independent organizations operating in 15 countries, including the United States, Brazil, Venezuela, Uruguay, Panama, and Canada among others. The organization uses the most part of its revenues to provide training, employment, and other relevant support to its dependants who are currently more than 6 million. This paper assesses Goodwill International based on key concepts such as volunteerism, account ability, strategic planning, and fundraising in relation to its mission, vision, and purpose. In addition, the paper suggests several(prenominal) recommendations that could bring various benefits to Goodwill if implemented. Although Goodwill International is successful, it is not efficient and needs to implement additional strategies to improve its efficiency. There are a twist of recommendations made in this paper to assist Goodwill International to enhance its efficiency. Some of the strategies include improvement of its communication strategy, enhancement of its fiscal health, implementation of red-hot marketing strategies, introduction of employee performance measurement techniques, and changing its donation policies to include more items.Goodwill was founded... ...ngs from a national survey of nonprofit social services agencies. noncommercial and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 39(4), 571-587.Michalski, G. (2011). Operating cycle and nonprofit organization efficiency. Journal o f Academic Research in Economics, 3(3), 584-598.Taylor, B. E., Ryan, W. P., & Chait, R. P. (2013). Governance as leadership Reframing the function of nonprofit boards. Hoboken, NJ Wiley.Waters, R. D., Burnett, E., Lamm, A., & Lucas, J. (2009). Engaging stakeholders through social networking How nonprofit organizations are using Facebook. Public Relations Review, 35(2), 102-106. Weerawardena, J., McDonald, R. E., & Mort, G. S. (2010). Sustainability of nonprofit organizations An empirical investigation. Journal of World Business, 45(4), 346-356.Worth, M. J. (2013). Nonprofit management Principles and practice. Washington, DC Sage Publications.

Importance of Foreign Market Entry

For a business organization to grow, it has to constantly find new opportunities to exploit. Globalisation is a large driving force that has direct to the trend of the rising number of business organizations operating beyond their home country. As with globalisation,there is now a decrease in trade barriers which makes doing business oversea easier. Likewise,there is also an increased in the number of competitors in the local grocery and many a times, a organisation has to expand into a new opposed market so as to achieve a higher market sh are.One major pushing force for a organisation to go overseas is the limited opportunities in the local market which could either have no need for the organisations offerings or the market could be quite saturated. A global market,on the other hand,offers endless possibilities and a bigger market. visualize a small country like Singapore which only has a population of cultivation to 5 million, a business organisation nookie do so much mor e(prenominal) with an expansion overseas whereby the population size is many times the local population.Local companies like Eu Yan Sang (traditional chinese medicine) or Prima Taste have their products located in different parts of the foundation where there are definitely a demand for it. Consider the Chinatown in London where many Chinese nationalities are currently residing/studying at. Chinese products that are found in their home countries are bound to appeal to them due to the brand familiarity as well and if there is a demand for such products,business organisations whoremonger reap from the benefits by supplying these products.This is also the case for many agriculture industries whereby the production of the products are far much more than what the population can consume. The sum up of coffeebeans that are harvested in Latin America are more than sufficient for its population and organisations can make a profit out of it by really selling the excess. The importance abo ut a global expansion is also the competitive advantage the organisation is able to to reap. Firstly, the organisation may become more fficient due to the larger market size. Economies of scales which was previously not attainable due to the limited population size can now be realised as the number of markets and customers increase. Underutilised machinery can also be put to fuller use as the number of orders increases. For another class, we in truth visited the Manner production plant in Vienna and we noticed that many of their machines were not running at full capacity.By exporting overseas and increasing the demand for Manner products,this can actually help increase the production and make better use of these machines. Besides achieving economies of scale, the organisation may be able to reap the benefits of an experience curve and this can further bring cost of productions down or making the organisation a more efficient one. Another advantage of a foreign market entry is that i t can actually increase the product life cycle when it is sold in less developed countries.For a product with a nearsighted life cycle(especially technology gadgets),exporting it to other less developed countries can prolong its cycle as the level of sophistication and technology that is demanded might be lower. Consider the case of cellphones in a developed country like Japan. New models of cellphones are constantly introduced and it will not be long before a model is phased out. Manufacturers of the older model can then find a new market in a less developed market (for example, India) that does that take aim the newest technology but just require the cell phone for its basic functionality.

Butler Lumber Essay

After thorough review and analysis of pantryman Lumbers financial reports, I believe that it is in the best interest of Northrup National Bank to not only approve the requested $465,000 add, but look to change magnitude the loan amount. A review of the 5 Cs give show in more detail the decision to approve this loan1. force/Cash Flow Butler runs a lean operation that has allowed them to retain success due to matched pricing. They have met their financing essentials by increase their debt (notes pay suitable) in order to keep up with the demand. However, their borrowing had led conjunctly to an increase in sales. Net sales have increased 59% all over the 1988-1990 time depict and have been projected to increase by another 34% in 1991. From 1988-1990, for every $1000 borrowed, net sales increased by $4,278.96.By utilizing leverage, they have been able maintain their free cash flow and maintain their current ratio over 1.0. Although Free Cash Flow and current ratio have dropped over the past division, Butler has made large inductments which have proven able to give a higher return, which go out have signifi enkindlet payoff in the long run. By doing this, they will celeb say to have the ability to pay interest to debtholders, repay debtholders, and buy short-term investments. As furrow continues to grow, debt obligations will lower and their current ratio will be back on the rise. (See Exhibit 1 and Exhibit 2).Based on this analysis, I believe the estimate for the loans requirements is light. I believe it would be in the best interest to quest after rolling the $247,000 owed to suburban National Bank onto this line of credit. With the increased projection in sales, you ar also seeing an increase in cost of goods sold. However, that number could be dramatically reduced if Butler had the get capital or credit line to collect advantage of the 2% discount for payments made within 10 days of the invoice date. If jibe cost of goods sold will be close to $2 million in 1991, you could reduce that by over $40,000.00 simply by taking advantage of the 2% discount. Having quick access to capital will allow Butler to run their business more efficiently.2. Capital Butler has a good level of net worth compared to total assets. This has been continuously change magnitude from 1988-1990 and will be even higher in 1991. The reason for this is going back to their use of leverage. They increased notes payable from nothing to $247,000 in the three year span. By doing this they have been able to increase total assets at a much faster pace than their borrowing. Butler will be able to continue to increase its capital ratio with their new line of credit. Even with an increase in liabilities, Butler should have no problem repaying their debts, even if there were to be an economic downturn. They hold very little long term debt, so even with a decrease in sales they should be able to allude their financial obligations. They have equity in their pl ants and land and could utilize that if need be. Also, they have the ability to weather a crisis because of the amount of business that they have in home improvements. If there is a caparison boom, people will look to build new houses, where as if there is a backup in the housing market, people will stay in their house and do improvements.3. Collateral With rolling the almost $250,000.00 loan into this line of credit, and pursuing the increase in the total line of credit, I believe that this loans should be secured. I would keep the loans secured by the assets of the telephoner and do not see the need to pursue personal collateral. We write out that Mr. Butler currently has objections to using collateral, but if we can show him how having a large credit trap would be able to have a upstanding positive impact to his bottom line, he should be comfortable with putting up company collateral and nothing personal. I would secure this using the companys berth as well as their invento ry. At the end of the first quarter of 1991, Butlers inventory was valued at $556,000 and its property at another $162,000.Because it would be such(prenominal) a large line that could help Butler Lumber, it needs to be understood that when working with that level of volume, about sort of collateral needs to be put up. We will be able to show how taking advantage of the 2 net 30 option, you can decrease cost of goods sold and increase net income with no strategic changes to business. Using this collateral would be a good way to recover about of the funds to reduce the loss if the company were to go bankrupt. However, when evaluating the performance of the company, it is believed that this company should be able to continue to produce strong results regardless of the economy and that the securitizing of the loan is an added safety precaution due to the increase size of this line of credit.4. Conditions The first thing that needs to be determined is the limit on the credit line. It w as primitively requested to obtain a limit of $465,000. However, it is recommended that we, as part of the approval process, refinance the current $247,000 loan to Suburban National Bank. If there were to be an issue, we do not want there to be a conflict on who needs to be gainful first. Mr. Butler has had a working relationship with Suburban National Bank, but we do not see this to be an issue due to the fact they are capping him at $250,000. It is recommended that the limit exceed $750,000.00 but be no greater than $1,000,000.00. There needs to be enough capital infusion that they can meet all needs, take advantage of supplier discounts, and take advantage of short term opportunities. However, we do not want to exceed $1,000,000.00 because we do not want the company to become overly aggressive and invest more an inventory then can be sold, leaving them overleveraged and at bigger risk of default due to economic downturns.Next, we need to determine an appropriate interest rate f or this line of credit. Based on economic outlook, it would be in the best interest of Northrup to give rise this a fixed loan found on the prime rate of interest. From February of 1989 to January of 1991, the prime rate of interest has dropped almost 2% and we believe it is going to be downward trending for the next three to foursome years before going back up (See Exhibit 3). Therefore, we believe we should do a prime plus 1% loan, giving an interest rate of 10%.As rates continue to drop, the value of this loan will continue to increase. If at any point we fear that this loan maybe paid off through an outside bank refinance, we can look to restructure this line of credit to a lower rate. Because this is a lower rate, we can pursue adding the balance of the loan to payoff the obligation of buying out Henry Stark. This is at roughly a $70,000 balance, which is secured by land and buildings with an 11% interest rate. This will lower Butlers current debt obligations and will result in an increase in profit. Because this business appears to be in a growth phase, controls trading operations costs effectively, and has the ability to weather economic crisis better than others, this would be a good company to invest in.Next, we need to determine the duration of this line of credit. We need to clearly state that this will be reviewed every two to three years to revisit creditworthiness as well as ability to repay. If need be, the limit could be lowered. However, if the company continues to grow we can also evaluate the possibility of a credit limit increase.When determining fees, we need to realize that this is a competitive situation and they should be somewhat minimal. The commitment fee should be .50% per year. This falls right in line with the average. We will keep the closing fees at .25% in order to ensure they are on the low end and we can keep his business. We want to establish a working relationship with Mr. Butler so that we will be his only source of bo rrowing. We will not put a prepayment fee on this line of credit, but should continue to keep his business with reviews and potential changes and increases every two to three years.We also need to negotiate in appropriate covenants into this loan agreement. This will carry forward the reps and warrants that we have Mr. Butler sign. By adding the following covenants, we will be able mitigate risk for the bank and allow us to detect any signs for potential default early, allowing us time to evaluate our next steps before it is too late. The following covenants should be documented * Notification of borrowing outside of our bank* Detailed commentary of usage of loan proceeds * Quarterly Financial Reporting sent to Northrup * Maintain ethical and legal responsibilities * Notification of any major business impacts such as mergers, acquisitions, and business model changes.By installing these conditions, it will allow us to properly forecast and negative business impacts and allow us to m ake appropriate modifications. We believe that because over 55% of Butlers business is in home improvement, economic downturns should not impact them as much as other businesses. Also, by now being able to take advantage of the 2 net 30 discount, the company will be able to straightaway lower expenses and increase net income.5. Character The character of Mark Butler is strong and it is believed that he would be a conscientious borrower. He is an extremely stark worker and takes a lot of pride in his business. He knows the business inside and out and possesses sound judgment. He is well respected by his peers. entirely of this things make him a strong candidate for lending, because it appears that he will do everything in his power in order to pay this loan back and on time. This includes tapping into personal equity form his home, his life insurance policy, or the interest that his wife has in a separate property.

Bacteriophages Vs Antibiotics

Bacterio bacterio bacteriophages argon actually vir commits highly specialized to attack bacteriuml cells while doing no harm to living creature cells. When a phage discovers a bacterium to which it possesses the correct keythat is, suit equal to(p) receptors on the bacterial cell to which the phage provoke attach its tentacle-like extensionsthen the phage will inject its hereditary DNA into the bacteria cell. Taking over the bacterial cells biochemical apparatus, the phage produces hundreds of phage copies, rupturing the cell. As the victim cell dies, the released phage copies attack any persist ining bacterial cells like a pack of hungry wolves (Reidel).Advantages The advantages of the therapy ar obvious. Bacteriophages are truly specific parasites and, unlike antibiotics, do non damage the useful bacteria that live in and on the body. Phages are intelligent medicine They increase just where they are needed, while antibiotics often do non get to where they are needed. at o ne time all phage-susceptible bacteria have been killed, phages are eliminated from the body. The most apparent benefit of phage therapy is that although bacteria are able to develop resistance to phages the resistance is much easier to overcome.The reason behind this is that phages replicate and undergo natural selection and have probably been infecting bacteria since the beginning of living on this planet. Although bacteria evolve at a fast rate, so too will phages. Bacteria are most likely to modify the subatomic particle that the phage targets, which is usually a bacterial receptor. In response to this modification phages will evolve in such a way that counteracts this change, thus allowing them to prolong targeting bacteria and causing cell lysis.As a consequence phage therapy is likely to be devoid of the problems similar to antibiotic resistance. Increasing evidence shows the ability of phages to hold up to a required site including the brain, where the blood brain barri er depose be crossed and multiply in the presence of an appropriate bacterial host, to set upon problems such as meningitis. However the patients immune system can, in some cases mount an immune response to the phage (2 out of 44 patients in a Polish trial (Carson)).Development and production is accelerated than antibiotics, on condition that the required recognition molecules are known. Disadvantages According to Reidel, the phages high specificity, with which they look for their bacterial victims, is at the similar time overly their therapeutic Achilles heel. Therefore, either a cocktail containing many different types of phages must be developed by the infection turn back specialist, or a phage effective against the specific pathogen of each patient must be custom-made through and through detailed microbiological analytical naturalise.Western regulatory authorities tend to loathe recognizing such manually manufactured anti-infective agents as medicines, which explains wh y currently phage therapy is routinely only available at phage therapy centers in Georgia (part of fountain Russia), Europe and Poland. However, the Wound Care Center in Lubbock, Texas, has started to treat patients. For chronic infections due to multi-resistant pathogens, phage therapy could become a kind of miracle medicine. Wikipedia condends that Bacteriophage therapy is generally very safe however fevers can occur with phage treatment.This is thought to be caused by endotoxins released by the bacteria within the patient after they have been lysed by the phage (Herxheimer Reaction), of course this can happen with antibiotics similarly. Additionally care has to be performed in manufacture that the phage medium isnt contaminated with bacterial fragments and endotoxins from the production process. It is just if testing on animals is performed to ensure safety. Lysogenic bacteriophages are also thought to be risky, and are now seldom used therapeutically.These viruses can act as a way for bacteria to exchange DNA, and this can help spread antibiotic resistance or even, theoretically, can make the bacteria pathogenic. To work, the virus has to fall in the site of the bacteria, and unlike antibiotics, viruses do not inescapably reach the same places that bacteria can reach. Finally, some non therapeutic (lysogenic) phages transfer genes between bacteria that tag for pathogenicity, notable in cholera. This makes it important to identify the phages being used to show that they are not harmful ones. What are ANTIBIOTICS?An antibiotic, according to Wikipedia, is a drug that kills or prevents the growth of bacteria. They have no effect against viruses or fungal infections. antibiotic drugs are one class of antimicrobials, a larger group which also includes anti-viral, anti-fungal, and anti-parasitic drugs. They are relatively harmless to the host, and therefore can be used to treat infections. The term, coined by Selman Waksman, originally described only thos e formulations derived from living organisms, in contrast to chemotherapeutic agents, which are purely synthetic.Nowadays the term antibiotic is also applied to synthetic antimicrobials, such as the sulfa drugs. Antibiotics are generally small molecules with a molecular freight less than 2000 Da. They are not enzymes. Some antibiotics have been derived from mold, for example the penicillin class. Volume 4 of How Products Are Made says that antibiotics differ chemically so it is understandable that they also differ in the types of infections they cure and the ways in which they cure them. Certain antibiotics destroy bacteria by affecting the structure of their cells. This can occur in one of two ways.First, the antibiotic can weaken the cell walls of the infectious bacteria, which causes them to burst. Second, antibiotics can cause the contents of the bacterial cells to leak out by negative the cell membranes. One other way in which antibiotics function is to interfere with the bact erias metabolism. Some antibiotics such as tetracycline and erythromycin interfere with protein synthesis. Antibiotics like rifampicin subdue nucleic acid biosynthesis. Still other antibiotics, such as sulfonamide or trimethoprim have a general blocking effect on cell metabolism. AdvantagesIt is estimated that the ordinary duration of many infectious diseases and the severity of certain others have decreased significantly since the introduction of antibiotic therapy. The dramatic drop in mortality grade for such dreaded diseases as meningitis, tuberculosis, and septicemia offers striking evidence of the effectiveness of these agents. Bacterial pneumonia, bacterial endocarditis, typhoid fever, and certain sexually transmitted diseases are also amenable to treatment with antibiotics. So are infections that often follow viral or neoplastic diseases, even though the original illness may not respond to antibiotic therapy.Antibiotics in small amounts are astray used as feed supplement s to stimulate growth of livestock and poultry. They probably act by inhibiting organisms responsible for low-grade infections and by reducing intestinal epithelial inflammation. In cattle, sheep, and swine, antibiotics are effective against economically important diseases. The use of antibiotics in dogs and cats closely resembles their use in human medical practice. In fish farms, antibiotics are usually added to the food or applied to the fish by bathing.The incidence of infections in fish, and animals in general, may be reduced by the use of disease-resistant stock, better hygiene, and better diet. Although effective against many microorganisms causing disease in plants, antibiotics are not widely used to control crop and plant diseases. Some of the limiting factors are instability of the antibiotic under field conditions, the possibility of harmful residues, and expense. Nevertheless, antibiotic control of some crop pathogens is being practiced, as is true of the rice blast in J apan, for example (Science and Tech). DisadvantagesSome individuals may have allergic reactions to antibiotics. If symptoms of an allergic reaction (such as rash, shortness of breath, swelling of the face and neck), severe diarrhea, or abdominal cramping occur, the antibiotic should be stopped and the individual should seek medical advice. Because antibiotics can affect bacteria that are beneficial, as well as those that are harmful, women may become susceptible to infections by fungi when taking antibiotics. Vaginal itching or onslaught may be symptoms of such infections. All patients may develop oral fungal infections of the mouth, indicated by white plaques in the mouth.Injected antibiotics may result in irritation, pain, tenderness, or swelling in the vein used for injection. It is a common assertion that some antibiotics can interfere with the efficiency of birth control pills. Although there remain few known cases of complication, the majority of antibiotics do not interfere with contraception, despite widespread misinformation to the contrary (Gale). And theres also what is known as Antibiotic Resistance. Wikipedia says that Antibiotic Resistance is the ability of a micro-organism to withstand the effects of an antibiotic. It is a specific type of drug resistance.Antibiotic resistance evolves naturally via natural selection through random mutation, but it could also be engineered for the purpose of creating bio-weapons. SOS response of low-fidelity polymerases can also cause mutation via a process known as programmed evolution. Once such a gene is generated, bacteria can then transfer the genetic information in a horizontal fashion (between individuals) by plasmid DNA exchange. If a bacterium carries several resistance genes, it is called multiresistant or, informally, a superbug. Antibiotic resistance can also be introduced artificially into a micro-organism through transformation protocols.This can be a useful way of implanting artificial genes into the micro-organism. Phages Vs Antibiotics (A Summary) Bacteriophages are great because Bacteria evolve at a fast rate, but so do phages. This makes Bacteriophages devoid of problems similar to antibiotic resistance. Bacteriophages are very specific parasites and, unlike antibiotics, do not damage the useful bacteria that live in and on the body. Phages are intelligent medicine They increase just where they are needed, while antibiotics often do not get to where they are needed. Development and production is faster than antibiotics. The recovery rate was discovered to be faster in some casesa tribute to the speed with which the phage multiplied and overcame its host bacteria. Incidents of misuse are relatively unknown. Antibiotics are great because The use of antibiotics on domesticated animals, closely resemble its use in human medicine thus greatly benefiting them. Phages work best when in direct contact with the infection, so they are best applied directly to an open wound. This is rarely applicable in the current clinical setting where infections occur systemically. Unlike Phages, which are hardly ever used for therapeutic reasons, antibiotics reduce the incidence of both suppurative and non-suppurative complications of sore throat. A invigorated study from Holland has confirmed that antibiotics protect against quinsy. Lysogenic bacteriophages are thought to be risky. These viruses can act as a way for bacteria to exchange DNA, and this can help spread antibiotic resistance or even, theoretically, can make the bacteria pathogenic.To work, the virus has to reach the site of the bacteria, and unlike antibiotics, viruses do not necessarily reach the same places that bacteria can reach. Antibiotics are much readily available because phages have high specifity and require detailed microbiological analytical work. Conclusion The inquiry is still ongoing. Though the odds are in favor of Bacteriophages becoming more common, there have been no large clin ical trials to test their efficacy. This therapy right away essentially exists only in some Eastern European countries, including Georgia and Poland.But largely because of the growing concern over antibiotic resistance, a lot more people in the medical field are interested in pursuing bacteriophages as an alternative to antibiotics on a large scale. W O R K S C I T E D 1. Reidel, William. Book Review Viruses vs. Superbugs A Solution to the Antibiotics Crisis? Epoch Times. (6 May, 2006). 14 April, 2007. http//en. epochtimes. com/ intelligence/6-5-6/41280. html 2. Carson, Christine, and Thomas Riley. Non-Antibiotic Therapies for Infectious Diseases. Communicable Diseases Intelligence Supplement on Antimicrobial Resistance 27 (2003) pages not given3. Phage therapy. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 4 Apr 2007, 0038 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 14 Apr 2007 . 4. Antibiotic. How Products Are Made. 2006. 14 April 2007 http//www. madehow. com/Volume-4/Antibiotic. html 5. Science and Technology Encyclopedia. New York McGraw-Hill, 2007 6. Gale Encyclopedia of Cancer. Michigan Thomson Gale, 2005 7. Antibiotic Resistance. Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 2007. Answers. com 14 Apr. 2007. http//www. answers. com/topic/antibiotic-resistance

Literacy in Pakistan

Are those equal, those who know and those who dont know. 1. INTRODUCTION It is now a univers everyy accept fact that mass preparation is a pre-requisite for the breeding and prosperity of a country. The main priority of the developing countries, in recent years has been to foster the development and re pertlyal of base winding education and to eliminate illiteracy. Pakistan, unfortunately, like the other under developed countries, has do little progress in this aspect.Since indep blockence, she continues to remain in the convocation of countries with the lowest literacy localise. Half of the worlds illite come in and 22 part of the worlds population live in South Asia. Pakistan does not card well on account of literacy within the region. Sri Lanka and Maldives have almost attained full literacy. The adult literacy rate for India is 61 as comp atomic count 18d to 53 portion in Pakistan. India, according to a recent study d integrity by the World Bank, has attained 100 pe rcentage perfect(a) Enrollment ratio (GER) and 90 percent Net Enrollment Ratio (NER) at the particular aim. 2.MEANING OF analphabetism For an Adult, illiteracy agent primitive manual labour in agriculture and industry, uncertain duty opportunities and low wages, life-long miserable living conditions, and humiliating dependence on the literate of the community for the day-to-day civic and business interactions and deprivation in each(prenominal) walks of life. For adults illiteracy similarly means exclusion from most of economic, brotherly and cultural activities. For the Out-of-school Children, illiteracy means forced labour, vagrancy, sickness and slavery. For Women, literacy is a survival kit and symbol of status.It means emancipation, participation in the decision making of the family and equality. 3. IMPORTANCE OF LITERACY Illiteracy is a small pane in a large window, opening into the world of association based on reading and writing as one of the earliest cultural act ivities of mankind. Mankinds civilization, and its accumulation, sharing and transmission of knowledge over the centuries has been made possible by written and readable words. Every Muslim knows that the first command revealed by Allah to the Holy Prophet of Islam Muhammad (PBUH) was READ.Literacy, over the centuries, has choke the jimmy of tender progress and the leveler of social and economic conditions. It is a basic human need, and human right to knowledge. Illiteracy is brake on human development, and maps of illiteracy need, underdevelopment, social discrimination and disease are always co-incident. It is a challenge to human dignity and imposes a second-class status on a person in all societies. Life without literacy is life without hope, security and freedom. 4. CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING THE LITERACY STATUSThe literacy status of a country is determined by the following parameters I. The existing level of literacy. II. The rate on increment of new literates. III. The volu me of the education systems output. IV. The demographic factors engage structure, mortality and birth rate. V. The last but not the to the lowest degree is the percentage of budget engaged for the education. 5. RAISING THE LITERACY RATE Countries have succeeded in raising their literacy rates by taking the following steps I. Universalization of primary education. II. Providing non-formal primary education facilities for out of school youth and dropouts.III. Launching countrywide programmes for adults backed by political leadership. IV. Broad involvement of various social groups, institutions, public and unbidden organizations etc. 6. ILLITERACY SCENARIO IN PAKISTAN The picture of illiteracy in Pakistan is grim. Although successive governments have announced various programmes to press literacy, especially among women, but they have been otiose to translate their words into actions because of various political, social and cultural obstacles. Access to basic education is the right of every individual.Education is the most measurable instrumental role in enhancing human capabilities, and in achieving the desired objectives of economic development. Education enables individuals to make informed choices, broaden their horizons and opportunities and to have a voice in public decision-making. It is one of the most important factors that act as a counterweight to social and economic mobility imposed by cultural and historical biases. Education is a fomite of nation construct done which a nations shared interpretation of history and cultural values are reproduced across generations.At the country level, education means blind drunk economic growth due to productive and skilled labor force. At the individual level, education is strongly correlated to high(prenominal) returns in earning and a more(prenominal) informed and aware existence. The acclivitous global scenario offers immense opportunities and challenges, and only those nations lowlife benefit from i t, which have acquired the required knowledge base and skills. There are 163,000 primary schools in Pakistan, of which merely 40,000 cater to girls. According to UNICEF, 17. 6 per cent of Pakistani children are working and supporting their families. 7.CAUSES OF ILLITERACY IN PAKISTAN 1) Half-hearted planning and management of literacy and act education. 2) Limited budget. 3) Lack of reliable statistics and research researchers. 4) Weak community participation. 5) Lack of multimedia material. 6) Lack of special skilled textbook writers. 7) Poor follow up of programmes. 8) In-service teachers do not take such work seriously. 9) Dependence on foreign aid. 10) Dropout rate is high. 11) Over-crowded classrooms. 12) Panacea of private sector. 13) Outdated curriculum. 14) Problems of higher education wiz drain etc. 15) Corruption. 16) Rote learning. 7) Unfair examinations. 18) Lack of adequate facilities such as clean water, electricity etc. in the rural schools. 8. EFFECTS OF ILLITERACY 1) Over-population. 2) number one-GDP and per capita income. 3) Increase unskilled labour. 4) Infant mortality and maternal mortality. 5) Political instability. 6) Poor use of natural resources. 7) Heavy inter field debts. 8) Child labour. 9) Poor international image. 10) Low per acre agriculture yield. 11) Halting industrial growth and less trade activities. 9. inclose GOVERNMENT POLICY According to World Bank Report, Pakistans spending on public sector education is only 2. per cent of the GDP and this is much lower than the south Asian average of 3. 6 per cent and the low-income countries average of 3. 4 per cent I. Millennium festering Goals (MDGs) Pakistan has committed to all the International declaration to extend the agenda of providing the basic right of education to all of its citizens. Pakistan is among the signatories of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) as well as the Dakar World Education Forum 2000. The Government of Pakistan has taken several policy and program initiatives to achieve these international goals since then.The content envision of Action for Education for all was initiated in response to the commitment made at Dakar for World Summit. The Education Reform Action Plan (ESR), which is built upon the subject area Education Policy 1998-2010, is a long-term plan, with three yearly action plans. The ESR addresses the development of the overall education sector through investment in rehabilitation of schools, improving the curriculum and judicial decision reform system, an adult literacy campaign, mainstreaming the Madressahs, a pilot school nutrition program and technical stream in secondary schools.The Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) views education as a strong policy instrument in bringing poverty down. Three main goals that are the underlying objectives of all of these programs and initiatives include universal admittance to primary education by increasing the net enrollment and higher rate of survival of children ti ll grade 5, increase in the adult literacy rate and to attain gender equality at all levels. Currently, adult literacy rate is 53 percent net enrollment at the primary level is 52 per cent, retention rate for 2004- 05 is noted as 61 per cent and earthshaking gender gaps at all levels especially in the rural areas ersist. Public spending on education as a percentage of GDP is 2. 1 per cent and has approximately increased by less than one percentage point since 2000-01. II. Education Institutions and Enrollment Attainment of Universal Primary Education (UPE) has become a compelling national priority. This is a challenge that has been accepted at the highest level in the federal and provincial governments. UPE is anticipated to increase in access to education by 4%, reduction in gender disparity by 10% and enhancing primary completion rate by 5% per annum.In the outgoing year, 2187 new primary schools were established, 1221 in the public sector and 881 in the private sector. This inc rease has occurred in both rural and urban areas. Statistical annexure table 9. 1 and 9. 2, show the number of the girls in the primary and middle school in year 2004-05. The expansion in the number of institutions is inconsistent with the need to provide slowly access to the half the countrys school going population. The public sector was able to establish only 999 new primary schools for girls in 2004-05.The right of expanding the primary and middle schools for girls has been devolved to District Governments under the devolution plan. III. Primary education Two main indicators that show the changes in the primary schooling are Gross Enrollment Rate (GER) and Net Enrolment rate (NER). The last four years have witnessed 14 percentage points increase in the gross primary enrollment which is more then 3 percentage point per annum increase on average. This increase from 72 percent in 2001-02 to 86 percent in 2004-05 is a result of targeted and resilient polices of the government.Adop tion of free provision of universal basic education polices in the provinces (except Balochistan) is gradually delivering the promised increase in the enrolment rate. In the urban areas, the GER is impressive in all provinces, ranging from 84 percent in Balochistan to 108 percent in Punjab. In the rural areas, Punjab has made a marked progress, particularly in female GER, which increased from 61 percent in 2001-02 to 82 percent in 2004-05. The Gender gap has also seen an purifyment at the primary level in Punjab and has been modest in Sindh, NWFP and Balochistan. IV. Gender gapGender disparity in literacy and enrollment is one of the key concerns of the Government. Pakistans overall record in promoting and delivering gender equality has been weak. There are, however, areas in which significant progress has been made and indicators point to a steady though slow improvement in the ratio of girls to boys at all levels of education, the ratio of literate females to males, share of wome n in urban employment (as proxy indicator for share of women in wage employment in non-agricultural sector) has improved fringyly and improvement in participation of women in national decision making process.Statistics show that gender disparity has been declining since 1998-99, however the recent decline is only marginal from 26 percent in 2001-02 to 25 percent in 2004-05. Reducing gender gap in education at all level go out ensure equality of opportunity and economic participation for females. Gender disparity in literacy is lower in urban areas where it is 16 percent, as compared to 29 percent in rural areas in 2004-05. In fact there has been no progress in reducing the gender gap either between the urban and rural areas or between genders in both areas. V. Public Private PartnershipThe Community Support Rural Schools Program (CSRSP) is NEFs largest program and it encourages pilot innovations to promote education in rural areas. Notable among them are Child Friendly School Prog ram and Education for Working Children. Currently, 260 schools are running under CSRSP with an enrollment of 23300 students and another 350 schools are established in 2005 supported by NORAD. Moreover, teacher training has been a significant component of CSRSP, with the goal to enable in-service community teachers to re-learn upstart pedagogical principles and techniques to manage todays classrooms. VI.Higher Education Commission Pakistan is ranked amongst the lowest in the world in higher education enrollment rates at 2. 9 percent. Other Asian developing countries, such as India and Korea, stand at 10 percent and 68 percent respectively. According to a report of the steering committee for higher education in 2001, only 2. 6 percent of the students between the ages 17-23 enrolled in universities, which have increased to 2. 9 in 2005. The target is to double enrollment in the next five years by increasing the capacity of the existing higher education institutions and also establishi ng new ones.The quality of education provided is not up to the mark, which can be gauged from the fact that not a single Pakistani university is ranked among the top 500 universities of the world. VII. funding of Education in the public sector Public expenditure on education as a percentage to GDP is lowest in Pakistan as compared to other countries of the South Asian region. Pakistan spends 2. 1 percent of its GDP on education as compared to India which spends 4. 1 percent, Bangladesh 2. 4 percent and Nepal spends 3. 4 percent. VIII. National Education Assessment SystemNational Education Assessment System (NEAS) is a World Bank funded project with a total cost of Rs. 319. 364 million including foreign convince component with World Bank share of Rs. 273. 110 million. The government of Pakistan is committed to improve the quality of education at all levels. The NEAS is one of the key programs of the Ministry meant to improve the quality of education at elementary level, with the ob jective to measure learning achievements of grade 4 and 5 students, to develop capacity in educational assessment related activities, to institutionalization of sustainable monitoring system and information dissemination.IX. Curriculum Development The curriculum development is an on going process to respond to global challenges and emerging trends. This process has been initiated in collaboration with the federal units and provincial and regional governments (AJ&K, FATA). The present government realizing the importance of vibrant and dynamic curriculum has decided to review / revision curriculum of class 1 to 8. The committee has initiated consultative meetings to develop a curriculum reflecting the latest trends in individual subjects as well as equipping the education of the country with the requirement of today and tomorrow. 0. SUGGESTIONS 1) A uniform education policy. 2) Ability and merit must be declared as corner stones of our national life. 3) Adequate educational facilitie s. 4) removal of fake schools 23000 present in whole country. 5) Fair examination system. 6) Updated curriculum. 7) High standard of academic research. 8) removal of corruption. 9) Training of teachers. 10) Removal of rote learning. Education makes people easy to lead, but difficult to drive easy to govern, but impossible to enslave. CURRENT information SYSTEM The struggle to stimulate a nations living standards is fought first and foremost in the classrooms. 1. INTRODUCTION Birds and animals require teaching or training to lead a happy bird or animal life. They know how to make a home or shelter for themselves and how to keep themselves alive instinctively. The instinct of self-preservation is implanted by nature. They are given certain faculties, which develop, to their maximum level with their physical growth without much conscious efforts on their part or on the part of their parents. Not so with man.His intellectual growth depends on many outside factors and cannot attai n maturity without long and deliberate efforts on his part and on the part of his well-wishers. A timber can grow itself but a garden cannot. A flower is pretty by itself but a diamond requires a lot of corking and polishing before it allow sparkle and scintillate into thousand colours. Man is like a rough diamond and requires filling and polishing before all his faculties can function fully. Inevitably, in fact, education enables one to lead a better life physically, mentally and spiritually.Education helps iron out ones emotions, prejudices, and idiosyncrasies to switch off things rather objectively. This enables an individual to visualize his position in a society he lives and the world society as a whole. The process of education can be regarded as a function of five Ms namely Man, Money, method, Management and Machinery. That is the short human expression of the major variables that figure in the educational process, though social milieu, reflecting attitude of society towa rds education. 2. GLOBAL EDUCATION SCENARIO Access to basic education is the right of every individual.Education is the most important instrument in enhancing human capabilities, and in achieving the desired objectives of economic development. Education enables individuals to make informed choices, broaden their horizons and opportunities and to have a voice in public decision-making. It is one of the most important factors that act as a counterweight to social and economic mobility imposed by cultural and historical biases. Education is a vehicle of nation building through which a nations shared interpretation of history and cultural values are reproduced across generations.At the country level, education means strong economic growth due to productive and skilled labor force. At the individual level, education is strongly correlated to higher returns in earning and a more informed and aware existence. The emerging global scenario offers immense opportunities and challenges, and onl y those nations can benefit from it, which have acquired the required knowledge base and skills. 3. EDUCATION SCENARIO IN SOUTH ASIA Half of the worlds illiterate and 22 percent of the worlds population live in South Asia.Pakistan does not fare well on account of literacy within the region. Sri Lanka and Maldives have almost attained full literacy. The adult literacy rate for India is 61 as compared to 53 percent in Pakistan. India, according to a recent study done by the World Bank, has attained 100 percent Gross Enrollment ratio (GER) and 90 percent Net Enrollment Ratio (NER) at the primary level. 4. LITERACY SCENARIO IN PAKISTAN (From page 25) 5. CAUSES OF ILLITERACY IN PAKISTAN (From page 25) 6. EFFECTS OF ILLITERACY (From page 25) 7. PRESENT GOVERNMENT POLICY From page 25, 26, 27) 8. NEW SCHEME OF STUDIES The federal education ministry on Thursday notified a new scheme of studies for classes I to XII, extending the number of yearly academic days from 170 to 210 and making Isla miyat tyrannical from class III-instead of class IV from next year. Non-Muslim students have been given the option to study ethics in place of Islamiyat. Computer education has been made compulsory from class VI. Physical training, arts and crafts, library sessions and after-school team sports have also been made compulsory. The number of academic days in a year has been increased from 170 to 210. The new scheme testament be effective from 2007. Science and maths would be taught in English by 2011, it was notified. All middle schools will get computer labs within three years. Standard exams will be conducted at the end of class VIII to grant scholarships to students at the provincial and district levels. Under the new scheme, students of classes I and II will be taught Urdu, English, mathematics and general knowledge, which will include short stories from Moslem history, science and social studies. The provinces have the discretion to use their regional languages as medium of instruction and no student will be retained in classes I and II. From class VI onwards, science, geography, history and computer education will be taught in addition to other compulsory subjects. Maths, science and computer education will be taught in English, whereas, for geography and history the medium of instruction can be Urdu or English up to 2011. For classes IX and X in humanities group, Pakistan studies and three out of 22 electoral subjects will be taught in addition to Urdu, English, maths and Islamiyat.An advanced Islamic study has been introduced as an elective subject. In the science group, physics, chemistry, biology and maths will be taught in English, whereas Islamiyat and Pakistan studies will be taught in Urdu. At the higher secondary school level, there will be five academic groups science group-I (pre-medical), science group-II (pre-engineering or computer science), humanities, commerce, medical technology and home political economy. In the pre-enginee ring group, maths, physics, chemistry or computer science will be taught in addition to the compulsory subjects of Islamiyat, Urdu and English. In the humanities group, three out of 24 elective subjects, including advanced level Pakistan studies and Islamic studies etc, will be offered in addition to the compulsory subjects. In the commerce group, business maths and statistics, principles of accounting, computer skills or banking, principles of economics and commercial geography will be taught in addition the three compulsory subjects. In the medical technology group, labs, images, operation theatre, ophthalmology, physiotherapy and dental hygiene technologies will be taught in addition to the compulsory subjects. In the home economics group, food and house management, food and nutrition, home farming, clothing, child development, group behaviour, childcare and nursing will be taught in addition the compulsory subjects. 9. SUGGESTIONS 1) A uniform education policy. 2) Ability an d merit must be declared as corner stones of our national life. 3) Adequate educational facilities. 4) Removal of fake schools 23000 present in whole country. 5) Fair examination system. 6) Updated curriculum. 7) High standard of academic research. 8) Removal of corruption. 9) Training of teachers. 10) Removal of rote learning.

North and South as the civil war began Essay

As the Civil War began, each side had certain advantages and disadvantages.The North had capacious advantages in manpower, material, and formation. It had more than twice the population of the South, and many more factories to produce war supplies. The U.S. government had been functioning well for many decades, and the national level had able powers under the Constitution to wage war effectively.The South had some advantages as well. Most Southern men were experienced in riding horses, hunting, and shooting. Its military leaders were experienced and effective, while the Northern armies struggled to find good leadership. Southerners were fighting to defend their own land, and thus had a strong incentive to fight well.The political organization of the Confederacy, however, was a disadvantage to the South from a military point of view. The CSA constitution created a loose association of the individual states, and it was sometimes difficult to get all told of them to work together sm oothly.The North used its advantages well as the war moved past the first year. It blockaded the South with a long breeze of ships to stop trade with Europe. It took control of the Mississippi River, thus dividing the South in two. It attacked deep into the heart of the South, winning control of large areas. With the victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg in 1863, even many Southerners sensed that the days of the Confederacy were numbered.

How to write a good essay (technology related) Essay

What are the long term effects of living in a proficient gentleman? Are these negative or positive? Are the children now under 12 growing up in a different knowledge domain than their older college age siblings? How is it different and what does that mean for them? What is the most important new technology for solving world problems? How has social media helped solve and create problems in countries international the U.S.? Will governments like China continue to be able to control access to the Internet and social media among their citizens? How does social media, texting, cell phones and the Internet make the world bigger? Sm altogetherer? What are the implications of ever increasing globalization through technology to our global economy?Technology is moving so quickly that we are frequently using computers, software programs and other technologies that have frustrating glitches and problems. Is there a solution? How does our experience of social interactions with other humans influence the dash we interact with machines? When does it become morally wrong to genetically engineer your child? What are new ways people can use digital tools to alter the world? How is digital learning going to change schools and education? Does the Internet need controls or censorship? What kind?Do digital tools make us more or less productive at work? To what extent is the development of new technologies having a negative effect on us? How exit technology developments change our lives in 20 years? Should people get an identity chip implanted under their skin? Should people in all countries have equal access to technological developments? Can video gaming really help solve world problems? (see video) How our our brains different than a computer? (see video)Is fundamental food really better for you than genetically modified foods? What are genetically modified food technologies able to do? How does this compare with traditional plant bringing up methods? Should genetically modified food technologies be used to solve hunger and nutritional issues in poorer nations? Since it is now possible to sequence human genes to find push through information well-nigh possible futurity heath risks, is that something everyone should have done? What are the advantages or disadvantages?If people have genetic testing, who has the right to that information? Should wellness care companies and employers have access to that information. If parents have genetic information about their children, when and how should they share it with the child? What sort of genetic information should parents seek to get about their children and how might this influence raising that child? Would having cars that drive themselves be a good or bad idea? How might travel in the future be different?Should information technologies and Internet availability make work from home the norm?

A Human Service Professional Essay

A homophile gain professional, plays a major role in society, working side-by-side with various professionals, and assumes a wide range of roles to process individuals, groups, organizations and communities. Although human beings service professionals do not necessarily do in depth and psychotherapy, they are well-equipped to facilitate client change and growth typically by working directly or indirectly with clients around concrete tasks, objectives, and goals. A counselor, broker, advocate, case manager, community planner and behavior specialists are just few of the roles of a human service professional. (Lincoln University)Personal values, beliefs, prejudices and stereotypes can answer the helping process when the client and the human service professional share the same idea or belief. The human service professional may be able to add to what the client feels or hold ups or enlighten the client in a optimistic way because of their personal turn inledge or experience. On t he other hand it could harm the helping process if beliefs are different. In this case study if the human service professional has any negative feelings slightly homosexuality, then Todd and Reggie may not receive the full help they are in search of. Although the revolve around is on getting themselves together, they came in as a couple with some relationship issues that they need to work on.If I were the human service professional on this case, I would be a little uncomfortable with the whole situation. Not only are they homosexual men but this is an interracial relationship. I personally do not fully agree with black and whites dating, although I am not racist. I also see that morally it is wrong to be in a same sex relationship but I do imbibe a few acquaintances that are homosexual. After the initial negative thoughts feel run through my idea I testament be able to push that aside and get down to business. Honestly my biggest worry would be how they are treated by friend s and family because those are the people who are most important and it seems as though those people are not there for Todd or Reggie. given up the situation that Im the human service professional for Todd and Reggie I would ask Todd to tell me about his self, since he is more open than Reggie. Getting to know more about Todd is important because it gives me a look inside his life as far as where he came from to how he got to this point. I want to know about his relationship with his mom and why he feels she is emotionally abusive to him. This important because it drives him to drink and is one of the issues he is currently dealing with including substance annoyance of cocaine. I would ask him how his sessions go with his psychiatrist and maybe get contact info to speak with the psychiatrist about Todds bipolar disorder. This is vital to know because he made need additional assistance controlling his disease.As for Reggie I would also ask him to tell me about his self. How he ended up in jail to the point where he is now, gives me a look into his life. It also helps me figure out what needs to be avoided to keep him in good wrong with his parole officer. I also want to know why his estranged sisters will not speak to him. This is important because Reggie needs closure. If not speak to him for anything else, at least share with him the memory of his mothers last days. I want to talk about his progress in the STARS program. Since he has not name a job yet, that may be something I need to assist him with. We also need to discuss why he has been violent toward Todd.For him to come with his furnish to this meeting means he cares for Todd and wants help, so understanding their relationship will be helpful in helping them maintain one. Finally we should talk about why Reggie is uncomfortable with Todds behavior in public. This is important because he may be having issues coming to terms with his sexuality and if so, I need to help him overcome this feeling. Toget her I want to ask them about their relationship and what they want to come out of it. This is important because if they want to stay together as stated, both parties must be on the same page. Todd may have to accommodate to Reggie by toning down his behavior in public while Reggie will have to consider substance abuse counseling.Potential ethical issues with this case is the sexuality of the clients but Human service professionals provide services without discrimination or preference based on age, ethnicity, culture, race, disability, gender,religion, sexual orientation or socioeconomic status. Also obtaining or sharing assureation with Todds psychiatrist Human service professionals protect the integrity, safety, and security of client records. All written client information that is shared with other professionals, except in the course of professional supervision, must have the clients prior written consent. A legal issue is the fact that Reggie is physical with Todd and although i t was the past, if it happened again I must keep in mind If it is suspected that danger or harm may occur to the client or to others as a result of a clients behavior, the human service professional acts in an appropriate and professional manner to protect the safety of those individuals.This may involve seeking consultation, supervision, and/or breaking the confidentiality of the relationship. Also Reggie smokes cannabis which is not good for urine tests with his parole officer along with Todds cocaine use. Human service professionals protect the clients right to silence and confidentiality except when such confidentiality would cause harm to the client or others, when agency guidelines state otherwise, or under other stated conditions (e.g., local, state, or federal laws). Professionals inform clients of the limits of confidentiality prior to the onset of the helping relationship. (NOHS, 2009)For Todd and Reggie I would recommend that they go to rehab because they both have addi ctions that need to be dealt with in order to move forward in the relationship and just life in general.

Manville Corporation Fiber Glass Group Series Essay

1. Why have Dr. fowls comments precipitated a crisis?Because of the assumption perception is everything. Dr Doll would have to manage the immediate crisis due to this concept. mint lead afraid of fiberglass from the moment they heard that fiberglass is similarly carcinogenic as asbestos exactly it is appear less carcinogenic if compared with asbestos. The word asbestos which comes out from Dr Dolls lip has created an atmosphere of disturbance among the stakeholders and reporters who attended the symposium. This is because asbestos was once a material banned from manufacturing2. Does Manville have a nonher asbestos on its hands? In your judgment, who or what was responsible for the asbestos disaster?No, Manville has actually not producing asbestos, It was the press or media to create an perception in earth that fiberglass is actually a man-made asbestos. Thanks you Dr Dolls comparison on asbestos and fiberglass, now Manville is facing with disaster. Manville should responsible since at that moment asbestos was actually a dangerous material to be used but Manville or the asbestos manufacturer was keeping to conceal the fact. This action was then known to the public and caused Manville to receive pressure from the stakeholder and filed for bankruptcy.3. What should Manvilles senior managers do in view of Andersons discussion? Be sure to consider the followinga. Should they communicate with anyone? Who? What? How? When?Manvilles senior should held a meeting not scarce among the CEOs but also with its employee in order to discuss the crisis. They can plan to discuss about the etymon to be used or suggestion which will return the truth of fiberglass to Manville. A converse established is essential in creating a link and understanding between the workers and the conduct manager. Manvilles top manager should communicate as soon as possible once they heard of Andersons intelligence operation since they have no much time to be wasted so that they can carry on with other plan which is essential in rebuilding the reputation of Manville.b. Should they scale back or departure the fiberglass business?This decision should be made by depends on the circumstance but it is not arguable that information flies faster in modern days. The top level of Manville should expect that the news was known to public at the time they do a meeting in the morning. Later on if they found that fiberglass is also giving less profit or the protest of public onto the end product of fiberglass was too hard to be explained. Then they are better to exit the fiberglass. However if the major problem was only on to the cost or salary problem, Manville could try to scale back by firing some employee who they think deserve to be fired but sometimes firing skill not the best way to ensure a companys survival instead it will make the company looks selfish.c. Should they modify the fiberglass MSDS or trail? How?In terms of moral and also business ethic they should modif y MSDS. Previously, Manvilles MSDS only labeled itch-scratch, but actually it was believed that fiberglass is create cancer, So Manville should add additional info into the label but at the same time this label maybe will makes consumer unwilling to purchase fiberglass product. Therefore ,Manville can only keeping MSDS but they could seek for some other way else to regain trust from the public towards fibreglass

Bullying and Marsh Et Al Essay

Everyday thousand of teens wake up panicked of attending school day. About one in seven schools, a child is either a tough or a victim of swashing. Bullying is simply defined as a type of warring behaviour that involves intent to cause harm and a power imbalance (Olweus, 1999). Bullying fuck run anywhere from mental, physical (involving kicking and punching), verbal or cyber abuse. Bullying among children can be considered as a form of abuse (0-). It has been get beforehand that bullying is a division of aggressive behavior and has been seed along characterized as repetitive and an inability on behalf of the victim to defend him or herself (Farrington, 1993, cited it Sapouna, 2008). We learn from Sapouna (2008) that bullying can take the form of verbal (name c every last(predicate)ing), physical (hitting, kicking) or relational (deliberate exclusion from a group, spreading of catty rumors). After extensive research in Scandinavia, Olweus(1993, cited in Kumpulainen et a l.,1998) proposed that bullying can be carried out by one or more adolespennys and usually occurs on repeated occasions, and to some extent, it occurs in all schools. belatedly bullying amongst young people has gain nonoriety in the press due to the extreme results it has had on certain young individuals. An example of this is Sian Yates, a 13 year old girl who committed self-destruction after repeated bullying (Daily Mail, 2007). Despite the press attention given to these cases, the extreme consequence of suicide does not occur in the majority of cases. Victims can suffer from a range of harmful personal effects such as humiliation, anxiety, depression, difficulty with interpersonal relationships, and emotional instability. This lead to the finding of Kumpulainen et al., (1998) that bullying is a greenness phenomenon among children who are psychologically disturbed. The writer went on to say that there are higher rates of psychological distress among both bullies and victims tha n those not involve. However, the literature is consistent in noting that the bullied victims are the most troubled of the bully, victim, bully victim triad (Juvonen et al., 2003 Ma, 2001 Pellegrini, 2002 Pellegrini et al., 1999Salmivalli & Nieminen, 2002, cited in Cunningham, 2007).Should these lead agencies to focus more on protecting the victim? any(prenominal) schools have decided that the way forward is to have zero tolerance policies. This may include all students who bully. However, if certain researchers numbers are correct it could mean excluding from school, forty percent of the school aged population. Given the widespread nature of the problem can zero tolerance really mean, zilch tolerance? We learn from the NHS website teens for health (2008) that anyone can be singled out by bullies. The NSPCC found that 31 per cent of children had been bullied at some point (Teens for health, 2008). This being the case, can anyone be bullied? Black and Jackson (2007) have put forwar d that there lies and an imbalance of power between the parties involved in bullying. The bully is stronger through accessible status, physical prowess, age, cognitive abilities or skill. Is this imbalance of power the same across the genders?There is an extensive dust of literature that suggests that boys are more likely than girls to be bullies as well as victims (Nansel et al.2001 Boulton & Smith, 1994 Boulton & Underwood, 1992, cited in Marsh, Parada, Craven, &Finger, 2004). This doesnt mean girls cannot be bullies. Stephenson and Smith (1989, cited in Kumpulainen et al., 1998) found that girls as well as boys fitted into the five main groups of people involved in bullying. These are dominating bullies, anxious bullies, bully-victims, classical victims, and provocative victims. These traits were overly found by Sourander,Helstel, Helenius and Piha (2000) to have clinical implications. Sourander et al., (2000) noted that Bullying is especially associated with aggressive and a nti brotherly behavior while victimization is associated with internalizing problems.Whitney and Smith, (1989, cited in Kumpulainen et al., 1998) found bullies to be more prone to have savage convictions subsequent in life, and more likely to be involved in serious, recidivist crime. Are criminal convections later in life a fair punishment for their actions? Or should something be done to attend the bully? This leads to the question as what is the nature of these young people that make them prone to being a victim or a bully. In the search for a personality construct, many researchers have come to the agreement that bullies are deficient in social information processing or may be intellectually disadvantaged (Besag, 1989, cited in Marsh et al., 2004). The work of Crick and Dodge (1994, cited in Marsh et al., 2004) beg offed that bullies responses to social situations are being met with a filtration process.This cognitive filter is based on an aggressive individual translation n eutral or ambiguous cues as hostile and therefore, making them more likely to engage in aggressive behaviors (Marsh et al., 2004). This was also seen to be the case in Bosworth, Espelage, and Simon (1999, cited in Marsh et al., 2004) when a sample of jejune high school students showed that misconduct, anger, and beliefs supportive of violence were significantly related to bullying behaviors. Although bullying is an aggressive act, this does not imply that bullies and aggressive or conduct-disordered individuals are a homogenous group. Sutton et al (1999, cited in Marsh, 2004) put forward that bullies were part of a complex environment where they are require to negotiate and attribute mental states to themselves and others to explain or predict their behavior. This idea contravenes the notion that bullies are cognitively inept or simple in their interactions with peers (Sutton et al 1999, cited in Marsh, 2004).ReferencesBullying. Violence Prevention. 1 Dec. 2012http//www.violencepre ventionworks.org/public/olweus_history.pageDawkins, J. L. (1996). Bullying, physical disability and the pediatric patient. developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 38 603-612.Espelage, D. L., Holt M. K., & Henkel, R. R. (2003). Examination of peer group contextuals effects on aggressive behavior during early adolescence. Child development, 74, 205-220.Pelligrini, A. D. (2002) Bullying and victimization in schools A Dominance relations perspective . educational Psychologist, 37, 151-163.

History Questions Essay

(1) European explorations were motivated by desire for wealth, world power and prestige. Explorers hoped to decree gold, silver and spices, new colonies to conquer and expand empires, opportunities to increase trade, and spread Christianity. Expeditions not only accomplished the missions merely in the process they discovered new and faster routes as well as advancements in mapmaking and navigation instruments.(2) Puritans relied only on the Bible for their guidance in daily life.Their strong faith in graven image is reflected in their customs, traditions and in entirely their actions. Their common faith held them together especially th about the rough times. They were strict in their interpretation and observance of the teachings of the Scriptures. They believed that hard work will earn them the rewards in heaven. Drama, apparitional music and erotic poetry were prohibited, as they may lead to evil acts. Religious music took the economic aid away from the Word of God while Dra ma and Poetry portrayed lust and immorality.They were allowed the Greek Classics and they were back up to compose their own poetry, drama and music which mustiness have religious themes.(3) Quoting from Matthew 514 a city that is set on the hill cannot be hidden, John Winthrop in 1630 addressed the Puritan colonists in New England and told them that their community was a city upon a hill watched by the world. By that he meant that they must conduct themselves in ways that God may be glorified. They must bring honor to God and His worthy followers by their actions at all times.(5) The wars in the late 17th and early eighteenth centuries brought a realization among the colonists that they were made to fight wars for the mother country that colonists have little or nil to gain from. They were made to fight wars that were not their own. As a result, the colonists conceived of declaring their independence from Britain and asserting their rights for self-governance. Britain lost in te rms of excessive taxes that it levied on the colonies for their own coffers. The colonists lost in terms of protection from a outstanding and skilled military power.The greatest gain of the colonists was their independence.(6) John Adams was for the Republican type of government, with a bicameral law-makers and the independence of the 3 branches executive, legislative and judiciary. Thomas Paine was for a Representative system of government which took in the different and individual interests of the states and their people and which governs with independence from a superior or outside means, meaning a federal official or hereditary government such as that from Britain. That eras constitution followed Thomas Paines model.(7) The strengths of the Articles of Confederation were it established an independent government where every state was represented through its Congress, its Congress had all the powers of government, and its system of government placed the power on the people thro ugh the states. The weaknesses were there was no judicial separation of powers, there was no check and balance of power as there was only one bear in Congress, Congress did not have the major powers like taxation, diplomacy, regulation of commerce and expediency to regenerate constitutional provisions.The purpose of the Articles was met, which was for the thirteen colonies to unite, but the government it created lacked significant provisions for a judiciary and an executive to carry out functions which Congress can not by itself do. Something must be done with the economic system which was not within Congress powers. George Washington believed that there must be a single power over the thirteen colonies to manage their collective affairs.

Ethics in Sport

As George Orwell said, Serious sport has nothing to do with fair victimize. It is bound up with hatred, jealousy, boastfulness, disregard of all rules and sadistic pleasure in witnessing violence. In other words, sport isnt just ab by game play anymore. The suspensors we see in serious sport, the people who have acclaimed money and fame, usually expect better word from everyone else, theyre spoi conduct and therefore behave poorly on the basis they believe they can detect away with it.This is why it is not only appropriate, but essential for uninfected lodges to punish supporters for finish up line of merchandise indiscretions, that is, behavior that displays a lack of good judgement. Sporting clubhouses should show no lenience towards athletes who choose to ensnare their sporting careers at risk by behaving in childish ways. Their contracts should result in termination, suspension or they should be fined, depending on the circumstance. Athletes who display idiotic behavi our create a financial loss for their club as well as creating a negative image for them too.And, by being in the frequent eye, they are setting a bad example for their fans, especially the children who look up to them. Media coverage of gain bailiwick indiscretions can create a negative image of the club that has employed the athlete involved. The rugger leagues image problem is at a very bad state and is cognize to have so many scandals that even a Wikipedia page has been made for their record of off survey indiscretions. On Sunday 17th April, 2011 there was a 60 Minutes report that highlighted the battle betwixt AFL and Rugby league for junior participation.The parents that were interviewed admitted that the relatively clean-cut image of the AFL held greater appeal for them, and normally led to them persuading their kids not to choose Rugby league. Rugby players are continuously stained with a poor news report because of the reckless actions of a very small minority. An a thlete represents the club they belong to. So, when one member of the squad is involved with off field indiscretions they are ruining it for the respectable players, in ways such as losing hard earned sponsorships.When an athlete displays poor behaviour they are initiating a loss of millions of dollars. Now, more than ever, sporting clubs are pressured by their athletes sponsors to take appropriate action for off field indiscretions . This is because when an athlete is involved with off field indiscretions their sponsors will dissociate themselves from the club. Tiger Woods disgusting adulterous indiscretions in 2010 received worldwide media attention, and the outcome of this negative coverage caused the loss of millions of dollars in sponsorship deals.On another note, long-standing Sydney Roosters sponsor, Samsung, dumped their club in 2009 after a series of off-field indiscretions left them no choice but to detach their sucker with rugby league before it tarnished their own rep utation. This indicates that such contracts should be terminated on the basis that the athletes behaviour had a drastic financial effect on the game. In a agonistical sporting landscape, no club is in a position to be losing sponsors, nor are they in a position to be losing fans. Athletes are role models to our children.Unfortunately, it is almost unavoidable that children will observe athletes acting aggressively, as the media are irresponsible in over-covering and sensationalizing violent incidents in sport. Sociology professor at Oregon State and designer of several published studies on athletes behaviour, Steven Ortiz, says Spoiled-athlete syndrome begins early in sports socialization. From the time they could be picked out of a lineup because of their exceptional athletic ability, theyve been pampered and catered to by coaches, classmates, teammates, family members and partners. As they get older, this becomes a pattern.Because theyre spoiled, they feel they arent accountable for their behaviors off the field. Theyre so used to people looking the other way. The athletes shouldnt be used to people looking the way, and they simply cant afford to while they are in the public eye, as role models. In psychology, Ive learnt about model behavior that is, that from a childly age we imitate behavior we observe from our role models. In more detail, if theyre behavior is followed by a positive outcome we are more likely to imitate this behavior then if it were followed by a negative consequence.Therefore, if we expose our children to inappropriate athletes that arent punished for their off field-discretions and these athletes happen to be comprehend as role models, are we promoting our children to develop an aggressive repertoire of behavior? Many would argue that an off field indiscretion has no impact on the game play of the athlete, and therefore they should not be terminated as punishment from the game because they are a valuable team member.However, the d ecision by the AFL club, the Brisbane Lions to terminate the contract of star full-forward, Brendon Fevola demonstrates the fact that a players off field behaviour can be as much as a consideration as their on-field performance in regards to their employment. Brendons controversial antics included embarrassing drunken performances and in The Sunday Telegraph in June 2012 he was quoted saying I grabbed a bottle of wine from her fridge and within 15 minutes it was empty.I undecided another bottle, drank it, then went for another one. The fact that the majority of athletes sign a ordinance of conduct at the beginning of their careers which outlines what behaviour is expected from player, demonstrates that there are no exceptions and there should be no room for behaviour that doesnt meet that expectation. It is essential for sporting clubs to punish athletes for their off field indiscretions. Any athlete who does not meet the expectation of the club should be terminated as a result.A lthough it may seem harsh, this is necessary as any idiotic behavior may have a great financial loss as a consequence, and also result in tarnishing their clubs reputation. Also, these athletes are role models to the general public, particularly young children. According to online website, Ranker, the Top 10 Most fashionable Athletes published in February 2010, include adulterer Tiger Woods and drug-cheat Lance Armstrong great role models, regenerate?

To Study Swot Analysis for Portfolio Management Services Offered by Sharekhan Ltd.

SUMMERY In to daytimes business surround m both of stocktakingbrokers offers premenstrual syndrome (Portfolio centering dos). spot observing the business environment of Stockbrokers the main business is how they offer low brokerage and better function to the clients. In this context an commence is made to hatfulvass the SWOT compendium of PMS (Portfolio perplexity go) offered by SHREKHAN Ltd. Which gamylights what ar the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats of PMS (Portfolio Management serve) offered by SHREKHAN Ltd. as comp are to other competitors offered this organisation.Also deliver the interview of 100 clients and observe what the expectations well-nigh the PMS (Portfolio Management Services) are offered by SHREKHAN Ltd TABLE OF CONTENTS ? Acknowledgments ? Abbreviations .. ? An Executive Summary .. ? application write ? guild Profile.. ? Market package of destiny khan ? Introduction to ascertain ? Hypothesis of the excogitate ? Objectives P roject ? Limitations of the Project ?Research methodology ? Empirical Analysis .. ? Conclusion ? Bibliography. Abbreviation AMCAnnual fear guidances. BSEBombay Stock Exchange. DPDepository participant. IPOInitial Public Offer. MCXMulti goodness Exchange. MTManagement Thesis. NAVNet Asset Value. NCDEX issue goodness and derivatives Exchange. NCFMNational Stock Exchange Certification In monetaryservices. NFONew Fund Offer. NSENational Stock Exchange. PMSPortfolio Management Services. SEBISecurity Exchange Board of India.Industry Profile By 1830s business on corporate stocks and divisions in margin and Cotton presses took place in Bombay, in that respect were plainly half a dozen brokers recognized by banks and merchants during 1840 and 1850. In 1860-61 the number of brokers increase to close 200 to 250. In 1895, the Stock Exchange acquired a premise in the same avenue and it was inaugurated in 1899. Thus, the Stock Exchange at Bombay was combining. occupation Pattern o f the Indian Stock Market consider in Indian stock exchanges is limited to listed securities of public limited companies.They are broadly divided into match boardinal categories, namely, Specified securities (forward list) Non-specified securities (cash list). A member broker in an Indian stock exchange can trifle as an agent, sully and sell securities for his clients on a commission basis. National Stock Exchange (NSE) The National Stock Exchange was incorporated in 1992 by Industrial Development Bank of India, ICICI, either damages Corporations, selected commercial banks and others. Trading at NSE can be classified at a lower place both broad categories (a) sweeping debt commercialise and (b) Capital market.Wholesale debt market duty operations are similar to money market operations institutions and corporate bodies enter into high value transactions in financial instruments such as authorities securities, treasury bills, public sector unit bonds, commercial pap er, certificate of deposit, etc. There are two kinds of players in NSE 1. Trading members and 2. Participants. Recognized members of NSE are called trading members who trade on behalf of themselves and their clients. Participants include trading members and self-aggrandising players wish banks who take direct settlement responsibility.Indias oldest and first stock exchange is Bombay Stock Exchange which is open up in 1875. More than 6,000 stocks listed in BSE. Totally there are 22 stock exchanges in India. They are primed(p) in Ahmadabad, Bangalore, Calcutta, Chennai, Delhi etc. There is also a National Stock Exchange (NSE) which is located in Mumbai. There is also an Over the Counter Exchange of India (OTCEI) which allows listing of small and medium size companies. The regulatory agency which over enamors the functioning of stock markets is the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), which is also located in BombayOverview of Company Sharekhan is a firm, which is working under SSKI (S. S. Kantilal Ishwarlal Securities Ltd. ). SSKI was founded in 1922. SSKI is One of Indias Oldest brokerage Houses Having Eight Decades of Experience into ? institutional Broking ? Investment Banking ? Retail Broking It is one of the Founding members of the Stock Exchange, Mumbai and Pioneer Institutional Broker. SSKI Entered into Retail Broking in 1985. Share khan is the Retail Broking Arm of the BIG 80 Years old organization i. e. of SSKI and Sharekhan is the Brand construct given to its Retail Business.SSKI carries out its Retail Broking Activities under Sharekhan Brand Name. Sharekhan Outlets act as Full Service Investment Solutions Provider, providing you wide range of services like ? Equity & Derivatives Trading on NSE and BSE ? Online Trading ? Commodities Trading on MCX & NCDEX ? Portfolio Management Services ? Depository Services ? IPO Services ? Wide send of Customized Research harvest-times ? Uniform Service Standards Offerings of the Sharekhan Sharekh an offers both Offline and online trading account.But now a days it broadly concentrates on online trading account through which a guest can buy and sell shares in an instant from any part of the globe trough website. It does not take into account any reference of physical restriction of going to the broker for carrying out a transaction or any typesetters case of settlement of payment. It facilitates the client a speedy and hassle free transaction. Share khans crossing consists of a 4-in-1 concept, which integrates D-mat Account Trading Account Bank Link Dial-N-Trade For doing a trading of shares e realone need D-mat A/C. In his D-mat A/C one can keep his shares.Then Sharekhan provides a Trading A/C. Through this trading account, a Sharekhan customer can instantaneously transfer his funds from his nest egg account i. e. from bank account to Sharekhan to his trading account without any paper work. He can buy and sell shares from the website and also view the market prices of the shares he trades on the terminal. Sharekhan. com allows trading at present only on NSE. BSE trading allow for be shortly available. To open an account a customer requires filling up a form consisting of 12 agreements, a passport size photograph, a residential proof, a photo id proof and a cheque drawn of respective amount in favor of S.S. Kantilal Ishwarlal Securities Pvt. Ltd. & From 22 March, 2007cheque is drawn in favor of Sharekhan Ltd. itself. after(prenominal) opening an account with Sharekhan, a customer testament be given User id, Membership pass tidings and trading password, which will enable him to gateway his account and trade. Products of SHAREKHAN Sharekhan offers 2 types of products according to the volume-based requirements of the investors that are as follows CLASSIC ACCOUNT This account allows the client to trade through the website and is suitable for the retail investors. Here maximum scripts that can be shown on the terminal are only 25. Also the expert charts are not available. Its a JAVA BASED APPLET, which allows trading only through website and see latest prices of the scripts of your choice which is attached below. This account also allows trading in Derivatives. The life clock time registration charge for this account is Rs. 750 and there is no constraint of minimum turnover. SPEED plow ACCOUNT o This is ideal for active traders who transact frequently during days trading academic term to capitalize on intra-day price movements. Speed trade is Internet-based application based software, which is available on a CD, which provides everything a trader needs on one screen, thereby, reducing the time unavoidable to execute a trade. o Speed trade offers a tick-by-tick update on stock price movements with market reason and intra-day chart and lets the client do his own stock/technical analysis. o While the Lifetime charge for this account is Rs. 1000 /- with a minimum brokerage of Rs. 1500 /- to be throwd each quarter ly. OFF LINE SERVICES- ? In this Dmats A/C is open in Rs 350/- ? In this trader has to come in office for trading. Bank Connection Sharekhan has affiliation with 8 banks, which allows its customers to enjoy the eagerness of instant credit and transfer of funds from his savings bank account to his Sharekhan trading account. The affiliated banks are as follows ? HDFC banking concern ? UTI BANK ? CITI BANK ? ICICI BANK ? OBC BANK ? UNION BANK ? INDUSLAND BANK ? IDBI BANK DIAL-N-TRADE It is also an exclusive service available to all Sharekhan customers for trading in shares via the telephone. On dialing the toll free number 1800-22-7500 the customer will be enjoin to a tele-broker who will buy or sell shares for him. After Hour Orders Sharekhan customers also enjoy the facility of placing orders even after the trading hours, and the orders are executed as soon as the market opens. Brokerage- It is one of the important things, which are observed by the customer man opening a D-mat A/C. For Intraday Transactions they charge 0. 05 % on each leg Transaction. For Delivery Transactions they charge 0. 50 % on each leg Transaction. & For Derivatives Transactions they charge 0. 05 % on each leg Transaction. Trade in Commodity Sharekhan also trade in commodities like Bullion Gold / Silver and Agricultural commodities through Sharekhan Commodity Pvt.Ltd. which are a wholly owned subsidiary of its parent SSKI. Research Team of Sharekhan Research and in-depth fellowship of markets provide better than speculations or reacting to rumors. Research team provides knowledge to their customers about market condition. In dawn they provide Eagle Eye which tells about how the market will be in whole day. In afternoon they provide High Noon which tells that up to that time how was the market and what about the remaining time what will be the condition of the market. After the market they analyze the market summery of the whole day and give idea about next day market.Mobil e-N-Trade facility Now Sharekhan is providing the facility that their customers can do trading with the help of their mobile handset. For that purpose they have to pay some extra charge to stumble that facility. Importance of the research to the Organization 1) The organization gets the belligerent information about the determine strategy of their competitors. 2) Through that they can establish their new set strategy to gain competitive advantage. 3) They came to know the effects of using the pricing strategy in the market. Location of company SHAREKHAN Limited swing Land, 1204/22, J M Road, Opposite Shambhaji Park,Shivajinagar, Pune, 411005 Phone No. 020 25520002 Way to Share Khan (JM Road, Pune) Products of Sharekhan- 1) Stock broking (NSE,BSE) 2) F & O broking (Future and option) 3) PMS (Portfolio Management Services) 4) Commodity trading 5) Insurance 6) Mutual fund 7) Pan card 8) IPO (Initial public offer) Sharekhan Services Sharekhan, one of Indias leading brokerage ho uses, is the retail arm ofSSKI. With over 510 share shops in 170 cities, and Indias premier online trading portal www. sharekhan. com, our customers enjoy multi-channel access to the stock markets. IntroductionThe labor movement assigned is TO Study SWOT Analysis For Portfolio Management Services Offered By SHAREKHAN Ltd. In JM Road, Pune. The purpose of project is to understand Portfolio Management Services, its function, terms involved in and types of Portfolio Management Services. And also study competitors PMS Services in this way that to help the company in its day-to-day work. I worked with the company as a guidance trainee in SHAREKHAN ltd. Hypothesis 1. People those have large excess money interested in investing in PMS. 2. Retail investors are also now take interest in this scheme. 3. PMS scheme does not have more collision on sales revenue of SHAREKHAN. OBJECTIVE ? To study Portfolio Management Services Offered By SHAREKHAN Ltd. To understand Portfolio Management Services and its importance. ? To study various types of Portfolio Management Services ? To know about the Portfolio Management Services Offered by competitors of SHAREKHAN Ltd ? To understand and know various terms apply in and process used in Portfolio Management Services in market. ? Make the SWOT analysis of Portfolio Management Services offered by SHAREKHAN Ltd. LIMITATIONS While completing this project following limitations are occurred ? Graphical coyness ? Wrong Mind Set about Share Market ? Lack of awareness ? Lack of capital Methodology This project is Descriptive type of the project.In this project I considered only the part of pricing strategy of the organization, and I also studied the topic of my Management Thesis from angle of 360 degree. This project comes under the Formal Research in which objectives are clearly delimitate and where researcher gathers whole information about all aspects of the project. There is a form al procedure to conduct research I followed following travel of methodology to conduct the research, Identifying & Defining Problem Planning the Research Design Selecting a Research Method Selecting a Sampling Procedure Data Collection Evaluating the Data Preparing the Research Report Sources of the Information While collecting the information for project two types of Sources are used. 1. Primary sources In this, data is sedate directly from respondents using questionnaire, direct observation & interview techniques. So for this purpose I visited 150 people in the JM Road, Pune. I interviewed them and asked them various questions related to my project and try to find out the actual go out 2. lowly sources In this type of data collection I used the information which is already collected by some other person or in printed form before I collected. Sources of secondary data include websites, appropriates, Internet, Journals and also the pamphlets, and the broachers made by the c ompany for their advertisement, etc. I used preceding(prenominal) methodology & data sources for my project by following steps What is PMS (Portfolio Management Services)? Meaning of PMSThe word portfolio means a set or group or combination of securities held by and investor. And the word management means to conduct or manage in a proper way. Thus it means managing of share in a proper way expecting the endangerment and return. Portfolio Management is the process of selecting a bundle of securities that will provide the investing organization a maximum yield for a given level of gamble or alternatively ensure minimum put on the line for a given level of return. A portfolio is defined a s the composite set of ownership rights to financial assets in which the investor wishes to invest. Portfolios are, thus, composed of securities. It means manages your money by fund manager. It just like Invest your money in PMS, sit back and do nothing. Advantages of investing in PMS V/s Mutual Fund You have greater control over the asset allocation, whereas it is automatic in a mutual fund. The portfolio can be customized to suit your take a chance-return pen The portfolio manager has relatively greater flexibility to move in and out of cash as and when required depending on the market view. Typically, charges are lower and more transparent in PMS vis a vis a Mutual Fund Holdings not impacted by entry / exit of the investors. How Sharekhan Manages Portfolio? Sharekhan portfolio Management Services ? Protech ? Proprime ? Proarbitrage picA Trading based portfolio management scheme - Sharekhan introduces a PMS Protech for- a client with high risk profile using the tenents of Technical Analysis. Product Offerings 1. swell Thrifty 2. of import Portfolio 1. smashing Thrifty- groovy futures are bought and sold on the basis of an automated trading system that generates calls to go foresightful / short. The movie never exceeds value of portfolio i. e. there is no l everage but being short in Nifty allows you to earn even in falling markets and there by generates linear returns. Features of Nifty thrifty o Nifty futures are bought and sold on the basis of an automated trading system that generates calls to go long / short. The moving picture will never exceeds the value of the portfolio i. e. no leveraging but will allow to be short in Nifty in falling market therefore allowing the client to earn disregardless of the market direction. o The balance money will be invested in Liquid Funds o Money management rules will be in place to see that the capital is not eroded. 2. Beta Portfolio- Stocks in long term technical up trends are identified at various poetic rhythm points in their trading cycles. 80% of the portfolio is traded in delivery of such stocks. 20% is used in creating and options book i. e. buying calls/puts of the top executive / stocks to increase the portfolio important and hedge against pitfalls. Features of Beta Portfolio Stoc ks in long term technical up trends are identified at various inflection points in their trading cycles o 80% of the portfolio is traded in delivery of such stocks. o 20% is used in creating and options book i. e. buying calls/puts of the index / stocks to increase the portfolio beta and hedge against pitfalls. o The use of timing for delivery and options for a higher beta will attempt to offer a superior rate of returns by taking a risk only 20% of the capital. o Money management rules will be in place to see that the capital is not eroded. o Portfolio rebalancing may be conducted between the cash and options segments based on the profitability of each segment. Product characteristics Using swing/momentum based index trading systems with stop/ work trend following. ? Investor get the best of worlds by ? Having positions in cash and options ? Delivery positions enable profit maximization, while options position offered high beta short term profit in the same portfolio. ? Low impact cost. Product details Minimum enthronization Rs. 5 Lakh Lock in for 3 months fortnightly reporting of Portfolio Net Worth Monthly reporting of Portfolio Holdings/Transactions 20% profit sharing fees on booked profits quarterly basis 5% discount on profit sharing fees to 15% for investment of 1 crore OR lock in of 1 year. 0% AMC fees Brokerage 0. 05% for derivatives and 0. 30% for delivery. Nifty futures will be bought and sold on the basis of an automated trading system that will generate calls to go long/short. The system has been tested over the last 20 years of dataand action has been very good details or returns v/s risk are availablefor interested investors. The portfolios exposure will never exceed the value of the portfolio, i. e. there shall be no leveraging. But the strategy will allow us to go short/hedge on Nifty in falling markets, thereby yielding returns irrespective of the market direction. The portfolio will either be long or short at all point time. Nifty T hrifty Nifty futures are bought and sold on the basis of an automated trading system that generates calls to go long/short. The exposure never exceeds value of portfolio i. e. there is no leveraging but being short in Nifty allows you to earn even in falling markets and there by generateslinear Product offerings 1. The Aggressive Scheme Ideal for investors looking at higher returns with high risk appetite. This portfolio consists of high growth stocks fulfilling any of the following conditions ? Expected growth in profitability Turn some and corporate restructuring enabling value unlocking ? Relatively low valuation ? Mid to small cap companies 2. The equilibrate Scheme Ideal for investors looking at steady returns with low risk appetite. This portfolio consist of blend of choice blue chip and growth stocks ensuring a balance portfolio with relatively medium risk profile. Product procession Investments are based on 3 tenets I. Consistent, steady and sustainable returns II. Margin of safety III. Low excitableness Product characteristics ? Bottom up stock selection ? In-depth, independent fundamental research ? High tincture companies with sustainable competitive advantage ?Disciplined valuation approach applying multiple valuation measures ? Medium to long term vision, resulting in low portfolio turnover Product details ? Minimum investment Rs. 5 hundred thousand ? Lock in 3 months ? Reporting Online access to portfolio holdings, monthly reporting of portfolio holdings/transactions ? Charges 2. 5% per annum AMC fees aerated every quarter, 0. 5% brokerage, 20% profit sharing after 15% hurdle is crossed- chargeable at the end of the fiscal year. Product offerings Cash-future Arbitrage it spots risk free opportunities that yield greater returns than constituted risk free products. On spotting the opportunity, the stock is bought and future is sold to lock in the spread. lieu is liquidated if the spread things before time or on expiry, whichever comes e arlier. In this manner, the scheme moves from one opportunity to another. Product approach There is an inherent opportunity in the spread that lies between cash and futures. When the spread is high stocks are bought at the same time futures are sold to lock in the difference which is accordingly bound to be zero at expiry. Product characteristics Risk Free On the whole, it is risk-free and can be compared to RBI bonds and GILT funds. High Returns As compared to other zero risk products, it offers close to an 8% post tax returns. Product details ? Minimum Investment Rs. 5 lakh ? Lock in 3 months Reporting fortnightly for portfolio net worth, monthly for portfolio holdings/Transactions ? Charges 0. 035% brokerage for cash,0. 075% for delivery SWOT digest Of PMS (Portfolio Management Services) offered by SHAREKHAN Ltd. Strengths In Sharekhans PMS (Portfolio Management Services) It has a product like NIFTY THRIFTY. It is the big strength for Sharekhan, because Sharekhan is only the license holder of NIFTY THRIFTY. Generally investors give more preference to this product because it works on the TECHNICAL basis and gives maximum returns is just about 40%. It is the maximum returns that no other product gives this much of returns to investors. The other product i. e. BETA Portfolio which works on Fundamental level.In this product 80% of the portfolio is trade in the Delivery basis and the remaining 20% is trade in Option basis i. e. buying calls/puts. so investors gets fixed returns. So the product ProTech is very big strength of the Sharekhan Ltd. Weaknesses Sharekhans other products ProPrime and ProArbitrage does gives as much business as ProTech. In this two products risk is low and the returns are also steady or low. In this scheme money of investors invested in RBI Bonds and GILIT funds, in this way though as compare to other zero risk products, it offers roughly 8% post tax returns. So generally because of this investors are not prefere to invest their mone y in this scheme.Because of large investment in PMS (Portfolio Management Services) it is minimum 5 lakh Investors does not take interest in such scheme. Sharekhan does not have the product of small investment, under 5 lakh that the retail investors also take interest in PMS (Portfolio Management Services). Opportunities As per mention above only Sharekhan has the license to operate ProTech which includes NIFTY THRIFTY and BETA portfolio so investors does not have any other option for investing there money if they want to invest in ProtTch. So this is proven as a very big opportunity for Sharekhan to capture the market and to get the customer as far as ProTech is concern. As per the studies the retail investors are taking interest in investing in PMS.Because in PMS the portfolio is managed as a individual basis. In PMS services there is a fund Manager who manages our portfolio. So now retail investors are also take part in PMS services. So it will be opportunity for Sharekhan to inc rease their business and will take market lead. Threats In Pune Kotak and Motilal Oswal are the good competitors of Sharekhan. Because Kotak has a 12 years experience in PMS services , they have good products like Sharekhan . The second competitor is Pukhraj Securities because they provide the PMS scheme which has the minimum investment Rs 2, 00,000/- And Sharekhan has the products which has minimum investment Rs. , 00,000/-So Pukhraj also become a good competitor for Sharekhan. Second the entries of Reliance in stock broking will defiantly create a problem for Sharekhan. Market share of different stock broker for PMS in Pune pic The market share for PMS in Pune is captured by Kotak more than Sharekhan as well as other stock brokers. It is leading because Kotak provide this service from more than 12 years. Sharekhan started this scheme from 2003. In very short period it also captures market and highly competes with Kotak. And put back to the others. pic Because of higher investment requisition such as minimum investment is of Rs. 5,00,000/- in PMS so the no of investors are less than other products. picAfter taking the 100 clients interview the result is derived as out of 100 investors 35 are go for sharekhan to invest their money. The second on the crop is Kotak. So it is proved that the PMS scheme provided by sharekhan is more preferred by investors. Conclusion After the studies I have concluded that if company provides the better product as well as schemes not only high class or higher income group will invest but the centre of attention income group is also take interest in investing their money in share market. solo because of one best product and scheme if company launches it can be a market leader for that and will captures the more share of market. BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Financial Management Textbook. ? Marketing management Textbook. ? Sip students Manual Book. Pamphlets Printed by Various Stock Broking Firms. Web Sites ? www. Sharekhan. com ? www. M oneyControl. com ? www. Kotak. com ? www. AnandRathi. com ? www. MotilalOswal. com ? www. ICICIDirect. com I understand objectives of my management thesis. I nimble questionnaire to collect primary data from customers. I used data collection techniques like questionnaire & interviews. I compiled collected data using excel sheet. I analyzed collected data using various tools & graphic way. I draw conclusion from collected data & make report on it. Pune