Portfolio for Continuous Professional Development (CPD) for third year Essay - 1

Portfolio for Continuous Professional Development (CPD) for third year radiography students - Essay Example Furthermore, I have been furnished with aptitudes of creating an enthusiasm toward confirmation-based practice and deciphering information from a mixed bag of sources. Predominately learning and close supervision in clinical environment will empower me to create capacity to work in a group. On the other hand, Radiography and imaging have provided for me the capacity to relate complex components of information to each other, to look for connections and incorporate branches of knowledge, hypothesis, and clinical experience and a discriminating and scientific methodology to information and proof. I have procured further union of fitting study aptitudes and of discriminating considering, improvement of critical thinking and examination abilities, and the capacity to consider and in this way create their practice and scholarly aptitudes (Gonczi 1994). I have created relational abilities at various levels. In addition, I have created the capacity to recognize my confinements in my general vicinity of practice. I am skilled to do stress on investigation, union, and reflection; capacity to handle cognitive many-sided quality; to assess; to apply information and new aptitudes in new circumstances; and to apply the specific to the general. Moreover, I will have the capacity to c onvey methods of examination in their general vicinity of practice (Greenhalgh 1997). The most evident learning difficulties confronting me identify with the effective fulfillment of their center proficient assignments in practice. Extensive learning for recently qualified radiographers originates from their commitment with the act as they progress towards getting to be knowledgeable experts in their personal freedom. The test of the work itself can prompt huge adapting, especially for the recently qualified. As indicated by Lave and Wenger (1991), Radiographers need to oversee patients under changing circumstances and act as a major aspect of a group.

Pharmacy Essay Example for Free

Pharmacy Essay 1) School Organizations Describe any organizations or activities at school in which you have participated, and highlight any achievements for which you were recognized or leadership positions. During school, I spent much of my time involved in outside organizations – volunteering in pharmacies, working several jobs.   I worked these jobs in order to learn more about the U.S. culture.   I am originally from Iran (born in the U.S. but raised in Iran), and while I was studying there, I served as a T. A. for a high school chemistry class.   This was a strong role for me, in order to learn about helping people, and learn more about chemistry, two important ideas I will need for pharmacy school. 2)Community Service Describe any community service related activities for which you have volunteered, and highlight any accomplishments. My most recent volunteer experience is almost my most relevant one.   From October through December, 2007, I volunteered at the Care Plus pharmacy.   This enabled me to truly help people as well as learn more about my future career.   As a volunteer in the pharmacy, I helped people to learn about various health products, improving their quality of life.   After the first couple of months in this job, I was able to continue as paid staff because of the satisfactory job that I did.   I was proud to continue serving peoples’ health needs. 3)Outside Interests Describe hobbies, recreational interests or other personally rewarding activities in which you participate, and elaborate on their importance to you. Beyond my school and work, I had many other hobbies and interests.   Since I grew up in Iran, one area of major interest to me is American culture.   To study American culture, I have taken several different jobs, including at Starbucks, Nordstrom’s, and Macy’s.   These jobs helped me to learn English better, as well as to understand Americans in general.   I also worked for Caloptima Insurance company, which allowed me to understand the American medical system better, and to continue to help people. I feel that knowing the American culture is very important, since I am still fairly new to this country.   I find the culture fascinating.   In my job as a salesperson, I was able to become a top salesperson through communication and understanding people.   I really love to work with people and help them in all situations, so this was very exciting for me. 4)Intellectual Interests Sharing intellectual interest is an important aspect of professional life. Describe a book, class, or activity that you find intellectually exciting and specify your reasons. One of my favorite intellectual activities was being a TA.   I enjoyed assisting a professor (working with a professional colleague) as well as teaching students.   It was a way for me to look at information in a new light.   This is a skill I will need as a pharmacist, when I’ll be talking to patients who do not have any medical training, and who may be worried or scared by their recent diagnosis and newly prescribed medication.   I will need to be able to explain any relevant information to them on a level they can understand.   I feel that my experience as a TA for high school students has prepared me well for this aspect of my career. 5)Other Information (Optional) You may use the space below to tell us anything else you would like us to know about you. I was born in U.S., but due to my parents’ divorce, I moved to Iran at age three to live with my grandparents.   This gives me a very unique perspective on the world and the cultures in it.   In today’s America, being culturally aware and sensitive is a huge issue.   Coming from a background that is both Iranian and American, I feel that I am unusually aware of and sensitive to multicultural people and perspectives. Also, in living with both my grandparents and later, my father (who is an important professor in Iran), I was exposed to solid family values.   My father’s work also inspired me.   I feel very fortunate to have had these experiences, and I feel that it has helped me so much in becoming who I am and in helping me pursue pharmacy.   In fact, every step of the way, my family situation has strengthened my desire to study pharmacy so that I can help other people.

Why Do People Wrongfully Confess To Crimes?

Why Do People Wrongfully Confess To Crimes? False confession and self-incriminating admittance made to the police by innocent suspects which is clearly against their self- interest is usually a combination of factors which are associated with various circumstances and nature of the custodial interrogation, the suspects personality factors and psychological vulnerabilities. What is more there are serious consequence that follow from confession and this also applies to the case of false confession. The study from the United States shows that around half of the confessions which eventually were established to be false led to criminal conviction (Howitt, 2006). A confession, defined as a written or oral statement acknowledging guilt, in criminal law is a very powerful form of evidence an irresistible confirmation of guilt. While most confessions are true, some people have been known to confess to a crime they did not commit. According to Kassin (2008 cited in Hewstone, 2005), 20 to 25% of all DNA exonerations involve innocent prisoners who confessed. Among many of the studies of Gudjonsson (2003) and The Innocent Project, a long list of cases is provided in which people have been imprisoned for a long period or even executed on the basis of false confession. In the United Kingdom these include the cases of the Guildford Four and Birmingham Six, two cases from the mid 1970s in which innocent people received a long prison sentence based on the evidence that included false confession. But the reason or question of why people make false confessions is more of a psychological issue which according to Hewston (2005) can be broken into two types of confession; voluntary ( which occurs in the absence of any obvious external pressure ) and coerced. Furthermore coerced false confession can be broken down into two sub-types: coerced-compliant (in which an individual confesses in order to escape from a stressful situation) and coerced-internalized false confession(confession where the person becomes convinced, at least in the short term, that she or he did commit the crime). Centuries ago, a confession was treated as a conviction Conti (1999). In order to obtain the confession, the use of physical torture was common, and all confessions were routinely disclosed into evidence without question. But slowly over the centuries, the act of confession in the legal system changed from the obtaining of confession by physical torture, in the mid 1700s, to totally excluding coerced confession by the mid to late 1800s. By the 19th century, the courts were sceptical of all confessions and tended to dismiss them if questionable Conti (1999) . According to Munsterberg (1908 cited in Gudjonsson, 2003) the principal cause for false confession is emotional shock which falsifies peoples memory, especially during the police interrogation. Moreover psychoanalyst and criminologist Theodor Reik (1959 cited in Conti, 1999), argue that the process of making a false statements originates from the unconscious compulsive need to confess. He argues that if instinctual impulses striving for expression are spurned or condemned by the external world, the still feeble ego can manage only to express them in the form of confession. Hence, the inclination to confess is a modified urge for the expression of the drives. However, researchers such as (Ofshe, 1991; Zimbardo, 1967 cited in Gudjonsson,2003; Conti, 1999, Hewstone, 2005) claim that the false confession is a consequence of police incompetence and maliciousness. The primary aim of the questioning of suspects by the police is to obtain a confession from them or to gain information which m ay be relevant to lead to a conviction. Therefore skilful interrogation requires the use of psychological principles and concepts. Experienced police questioning uses a variety of methods and techniques. As a consequence, in order to obtain confessions from suspects, police interrogators may use lies and some forms of deception. For example telling the suspects that they have evidence linking them to the crime when in fact no such evidence exists. Radically speaking there are a lot of different psychological reasons why people do confess to crimes they did not commit. Based on this, Kassin and Wrightsman (1985 cited in Gudjonsson, 2003, Howitt, 2005, Conti, 1999) indicate three different psychological types of false confession: voluntary, coerced-compliant and the coerced-compliant false confession. A voluntary false confession occurs in a case, when an individual in the absence of any obvious external pressure presents themselves to the police and admits to a crime they did not commit. In doing so people report themselves, claiming that they are the perpetrators after having seen the report of an event on television or read about it in the press. There may be several reasons for this according to Kassin and Wrightsman(1985 cited in Gudjonsson, 2003; Howitt, 2005; Conti, 1999; Hewston, 2005 ): Firstly the pathological desire to gain fame, which from the psychological perspective would be seen as the need to increase ones self-esteem even if it means having to face the cost of imprisonment. As an example Kassin and Wrightsman use the fact that over 200 people falsely confessed to the famous Lindbergh kidnapping as a result of a desire for recognition (Charles Lindbergh an American hero who was the first person to fly across the Atlantic Ocean alone, On 1st March 1939 his first b orn baby was kidnapped for ransom and later found dead. Although the suspect was found and later convicted and executed for the crime, doubts about his guilt have persisted around the case for years as a consequence of the large number of other individuals who confessed to the crime in order to receive recognition and fame). Moreover seeking to alleviate the guilt, which often occurs in depressed people (the person may feel guilt about previous events in their life , and believe that they deserve to be punished). There is inability to distinguish fact from fantasy, in other words they are unable to distinguished between real event and events which derive from their imagination. This type of behaviour is often associated with disorders such as schizophrenia. Furthermore they believe that it is not possible to prove their own innocence, and therefore the confession to the crime is to mitigate the punishment. As well as a desire to protect the real criminals and the desire to conceal a nother, more serious offence or offences. Coerced-compliant false confession, in other word forced confession, is the result of pressure exerted during interrogations. In this case the potential suspect does not confess voluntary but admits to it in order to avoid the difficult and stressful situation. According to Vennard, (1984 cited in Hewston, 2005) this happens for several different reasons such as the suspect might wish to please the interrogator, avoid further detention and interrogation, avoid physical harm( real or imagined) or strike a deal with the interrogator that brings some reward for making a confession. What is more the suspect is fully aware of the consequences arising from making a self-incriminating confession , but naively believes that somehow the truth will come out later or that their defence lawyer will be able to correct their false confession (Gudjonsson, 1993) The third type of false confession is coerced -internalization. In other words enforced, internalized confession. This is where the suspect begins to believe that he committed the alleged offence, even though he does not have any actual memory of having committed the crime. According to Kassin, (1997 cited in Gudjonsson, 2003) this type of false confession is associated with two kinds of factors. Firstly the vulnerability of the suspect such as suggestibility, low intelligence, alcohol and drug use, age and stress. Secondly the presentation of false evidence by police, such as manipulated polygraph or other forensic tests such as fingerprints or bloodstains, testimony theoretically made by an accomplice, or a theatrical eyewitness identification, as a way to convince the suspect that they are guilty. Until recently, there was no empirical evidence for the concept of coerced-internalized false confessions. However, eyewitness memory researchers have found that misleading post-event in formation can alter actual or reported memories of observed events (Cutler Penrod, 1995; Loftus, 1979; Loftus Ketcham, 1994 cited in Conti, 1999). Furthermore contemporary studies suggest that it is even possible to implant false recollections of unrepeated experiences from childhood, such as being lost in a shopping mall, that theoretically had been forgotten, but in reality never happened (Loftus Ketcham, 1994). What is more Kassin and Kiechel (1996 cited in Gudjonsson, 2003, Howitt, 2005, Conti, 1999) have demonstrated in a laboratory experiment that false evidence presented to the innocent suspect can lead them to accept guilt for a crime they did not commit. In their studies Kassin and Kiechel invited 75 students to participate in what was introduced as a computer task. It was emphasized that during the task, they should not hit the ALT-key. After around one minute, the computer supposedly crashed and the experimenter accused participants of having pressed the forbidden ALT- key which all denied doing. At this stage the false evidence was introduced for some participants. In their study, Kassin and Kiechel (1996 cited in Gudjonsson, 2003, Howitt, 2005, Conti, 1999) found that 69% of them were willing to sign a false confession, 28% internalized guilt, and 9% confabulated details to support their false beliefs. As results the studies show that false confessions can be easily elicited. Furthermore according to Costanzo, Krauss and Pezdek, (2006) there are several other facts which may lead to false confession. These facts usually involve youths many of the well-known examples of false confession involve a juvenile or young suspect. In Dnzin and Leo(2004 cited in Costanzo et al, 2006) 32 per cent of proven false confessions were made by those under the age of 18 and 63 per cent were under the age of 25. Other factors include mental illness in the findings of Dnzin and Leo (2004 cited in Costanzo, Krauss and Pezdek, 2006) 10 per cent of the sample were diagnosed with some form of mental illness. He argues that mental illness suspects may suffer from the inability to foresee the long term consequence of a statement made during the questioning. Lastly there is the vulnerable personality people differ in their ability to oppose persuasion. Although there may be several aspects of personality that make people vulnerable to false confession such as the need for approval and social anxiety , the most powerful factors specially investigated because of their strong relation to false confession pointed out by Constanzo et al (2006) involve high suggestibility and compliance to authority. In addition to stable personality vulnerabilities a variety of reasons may influence the increase risk of false confession. Sleep deprivation lowers our opposition to oppression. Grief also can have an impact on false confessions. Several false confessions have involved a suspect who in a state of grief confessed to a crime they did not commit. All of these temporary states may lead to mental confusion hence false confession. In conclusion, there are several different reason why innocent people may confess to the crime they did not commit which involves psychological ,emotional and outside pressure such as police questioning. What is more we may distinguish between three different types of false confession which are voluntary, coerced-compliant and coerced-internalized. Each of those types of confession has a distinctive set of conditions and psychological consequences. According to Gudjonsson, (1993) in order to better understand false confession and avoid it in the future what is needed is more detailed and careful study of cases where people falsely confessed to serious crimes, and of particular importance would be the careful analysis of the techniques and methods used by the police during the interrogation which may be one of the many reasons for the false confession. Bibiography: Bartol, A.M. (2004) Introduction to forensic psychology. London: Sage Publication. Conti, R.P. (1999) The Psychology of False Confessions, The Journal of Credibility  Assessment and Witness Psychology, Vol. 2, No. 1. Costanzo, M., Krauss, D., Pezdek, K.(eds)(2006) Expert Psychological Testimony for the Courts. New Jersey: Psychology Press. Gudjonsson, G.(1993) The psychology of interrogations, confessions and testimony.  Chichester: John Wiley and sons. Hewston, M., Finchman, D., Foster, J.(2005) Psychology. Oxford: BPS Blackwell. Horselenberg, R., Merckelbach, H., Josephs, S.(2003) INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AND FALSE CONFESSIONS: A CONCEPTUAL REPLICATION OF KASSIN AND KIECHEL (1996) Psychology, Crime Law, 9( 1) , pages 1 8. Howitt, D. (2006) Introduction to forensic and criminological psychology. Harlow: Pearson Longman. Newburn, T., Williamson, T., Wright, A. (eds)(2007) Handbook of criminal investigation.Devon: Willan Publishing. Newburn, T. (2007) Criminology. Devon: Willan Publishing. Weiner, I. B.(2003) Handbook of psychology. Hoboken: NJ Wiley.

The Effects of Kates Birthmark in Jill McCorkles Ferris Beach :: McCorkle Ferris Beach Essays

The Effects of Kate's Birthmark in Jill McCorkle's Ferris Beach "'It's a birthmark', my mother said over and over. 'Lots of people have birthmarks'"(p.44). In Jill McCorkle's Ferris Beach, Kate Burns has a birthmark. The presence of her birthmark causes Kate to be shy and self-conscious. It is her weak spot, affecting how she perceives both herself and others. Because of the focus Kate's birthmark draws to her face, she places great importance on appearance. Kate's stress on the way things look affects her relationships with everyone around her and especially the women in her life. Through most of the novel, Kate's relationship with her mother is clouded by her relationships with Mo Rhodes and Angela. It is not until Kate is able to look past mere appearances and see these women clearly for what they are, that her relationship with her own mother can begin to grow and develop. Kate hates her birthmark. Even more, she hates her mother's attitude about her birthmark. Kate desperately wants someone to blame for her birthmark and someone to have pity for her. She "always wanted to say that if it was a birthmark it must be her [Cleva's] fault"(p.44). Her mother, however, is unsympathetic and explains, "I just want her to see that she can't let this ruin her life; there are things we just have to accept"(p.48). Kate's mother tries to constantly remind her that things could be worse and she shouldn't whine. But during her early childhood years, Kate's birthmark does affect her and it is hard for her to accept. Kate feels that her birthmark is an open invitation for others to hurt her. She becomes extremely self-conscious as she puts up with teasing by Merle Hucks and R.W. Quincy. Covering her face with her hand becomes an automatic reaction. Kate's attitude about her birthmark and her attitude towards her mother become a source of tension in their relationship. S he hates that her mom simply will not apologize for the birthmark.. Kate begins to hate her mother for her lack of compassion and so she seeks other women with which to form bonds. Mo Rhodes and Angela become substitutes to compensate for the close relationship that Kate lacks with her own mother. Mo Rhodes is the epitome of a "cool" mom. When the Rhodes' move in across the street, Kate is intrigued by Mo and overwhelmed by the chance to get to know Misty, a friend her own age.

Development of Gothic Architecture in Relationship to Medieval Society

The Middle Ages covered a thousand year span. The period began after the schism of the fifth century in which the Roman empire was split into east and west. It continued until the start of the Protestant Reformation in the sixteenth century. The medieval period was notable for the origins and development of Gothic architecture. Because there was so much upheaval during the Middle Ages, the one constant was the Church. At that time the only denomination was Catholic.The Church was usually the largest structure in the medieval environment and was a main gathering place in which a variety of functions (which today would be provided by civic  buildings), occurred. (The Middle Ages, 1). Since the holy Catholic Church had already been a powerful institution at the conclusion of the Roman Empire, it continued to be the unifying force among the many small kingdoms that would develop into Europe. Replete with its own laws and large coffers, it wielded much influence during this time ( Enter the Middle Ages, 1).In addition, it had kept much from the ruins of the ancient world and became one of the centers of learning during during the Middle Ages. Not only did the Church preserve much of classical Latin knowledge, but it also maintained the art of writing.The cathedrals developed learning specialties such as rhetoric or logic in schools named cathedral schools. (Middle Ages, Learners. Org, 1). Whether one’s station was that of lowly peasant or of noble lord, the Church touched everyone’s life. Rank or class did not matter. Within towns , with the exception of a small amount of Jews, everyone in Europe was Christian. However, beyond the core areas of western Europe, there remained many people with little or no contact with either Christianity or classical culture.Outside the deurbanized remnants of cities the power of the central government was greatly  lessened and governmental authority was delegated to local lords who supported themselves directly fro m the territories over which they held power. This was the beginning of the feudal system ( Enter the Middle Ages, 1). For safety and defense people in the Middle Ages formed small communities around a central lord or master, living on a manor , which consisted of the castle, the church, the village, and outlying farmland. In exchange for living on his land, the lord gave protection to his serfs. Manors were isolated with occasional visits from peddlers, pilgrims on their way to the Crusades, or soldiers from other fiefdoms.  (Sobol, 22).Bishops, who were frequently wealthy, and came from noble families, ruled over a group of parishes called a diocese. Parish priests, however, came from humbler backgrounds and often had little education. The village priest tended the poor and sick, and if he was capable, taught Latin and the Bible to the youth of the village. (Enter the Middle Ages, 2). Medieval cathedrals sometimes functioned as marketplaces with the different portals of the mark etplaces containing sellers with their produce: items such as textiles might be at one end, while fuel, vegetables, and meat at another. Sometimes the clergy tried to put a  stop to the marketers. They tried to block access to the cathedral. But it was in vain.The sellers were not taxed on the items they sold inside the church; while the items they sold outside were. (Chartres, 1). The Church was all in all during medieval times. From the moment of its baptism a few days after birth, a child began its life of service to the Lord and to His Church. As the child developed , it would be taught basic prayers- and unless ill- would go to church every week. Every person was required to pay heavy taxes to support the Church.The reward for this was being shown the way to everlasting life and  happiness- a great trade off for lives that were often short and difficult. In addition to collecting taxes, the Church also granted special favors for people who wanted assurance of a place in hea ven. Gifts in the form of land, crops, flocks, and even serfs scrambled into the coffers. All this largess allowed the Church to become very powerful. As a result, it often employed this power to influence kinds and do as they wanted. (Enter the Middle Ages, 2). The power continued with the Pope who was considered to be God’s representative on earth. If someone went against the Church, the Pope could excommunicate them.This meant that the person could not attend any more church services or receive the sacrament, thus ensuring that they would go straight to hell when they died. At a time when everyone believed in heaven and hell, and all belonged to the Church, this excommunication was an unbearable horror. (Ibid, 2). The population increased throughout the Middle Ages. As it expanded in the 12th century, the type of church that had previously been used for worship; the ones built in the Roman or Romanesque style, with round arched roofs, became too small. Some of the grand ca thedrals became maxed to their structural limits.Although they built more mightily, going ever higher and larger, it appeared to be too much and these grander edifices collapsed within a century or less of their construction ( Enter the Middle Ages, 3). Enter a man who was about to change the style of these Middle Age churches and with it, bring forth a whole new field of architecture- gothic. Abbe Suger had been affiliated with the Church of Saint Denis in Paris for a good part of his life. The building needed repairs, so he took on the reconstruction, bringing in the finest of workers from the Low countries and from Italy.For his inspiration, Abbe Suger  looked to Canterbury Cathedral. Pilgrimages had been an important part of religious life in the Middle Ages as people journeyed to visit religious shrines. Suger particularly admired Canterbury Cathedral for its stained glass windows. Desirous of creating a physical representation of the the Heavenly Jerusalem, Suger aimed for a place of light that would speak of the positive aspects of the religious life: Redemption as opposed to the hellfire and damnation that was constantly being sermonized in the dark and dank Romanesque churches.Suger conceived of the idea â€Å"lux continua† – this theory would transform his church into one of  radiance and splendor, magnifying the spirit. He and his team gave themselves to the reconstruction of the church. After a four year renovation, the choir was completed in 1144. In a magnificent ceremony, complete with King Louis VI and Eleanor, and other notables, the church was dedicated to the Lord. With its thin columns, stained glass windows, and a sense of verticality, the choir of Saint Denis originated the elements that would be developed further during the Gothic period. Now architects were able to expand Saint Denis upward to more than twice the height of the earlier cathedral and free the walls to be filled with stained  glass.The great expanse of glass helped Abbe Suger with his goal of â€Å"lux continua†. These brightly colored stained glass windows were decorated with parables and stories of the Bible that would help inform the illiterate in their faith. Trade guilds funded other windows and the decorations contained within demonstrated what life was like during this medieval time. Saint Denis was designed along the lines of sacred geometry: the use of number angles, shapes that mirror the principle of the faithful believer, and flying buttresses that would support those higher ceilings and slender columns; the verticality suggesting aspirations to heaven  Additionally, Saint Denis contained a golden cross and a golden altar where kings and nobles donated their precious jewels (Gothic Art and Abbe Suger, 1)The influence this church had over French architecture was profound because it was also a political symbol. Suger virtually ran the kingdom while Louis VI was away on the Crusade. Yet for Suger, the Church was neither political symbol nor an architectural one, but solely a religious symbol. His main goal in its design was to honor God and Saint Denis. Suger had become fascinated by the religious implications of the light. He had inscribed on the main doors, which  are representative of the passion and resurrection of Christ: The noble work is bright, but being nobly bright; That work should brighten the minds, allowingThem to travel through the light. To the truth where Christianity is the true door (Simson,111). The Gothic style had emerged. It would give rise to the development of many other buildings and cathedrals who copied its characteristics, the most visible of which was its verticality. A skeletal stone structure, pointed arches using the ovoid shape, ribbed vaults, clustered columns, sharply pointed spires, flying  buttresses and sculptural gargoyles became part of the Gothic look. (The History of Art, 255).One of the most superlative examples of Gothic architecture can be f ound in Chartres Cathedral. Chartres, fifty miles from Paris, is considered to be extremely outstanding in its use of the Gothic elements. It was rebuilt in the Gothic style after a fire had decimated the building. Called a miracle of stained glass and stone, it was created in the form of a cruciform and dedicated in 1260. Chartres contains one of the most complete collections of medieval stained glass in the world. The Rose Window contains a sun and a rose.Jesus Christ, the Son, represents the sun, while Mary is the rose without thorns. Also there are depictions of kings and lords in additional stained glass, but their lower elevation connotes submission to the Lord. Along with many stained glass windows containing biblical stories which are typological allegories between the Old Testament prophecies and the New Testament, there is much statuary. Rows of arches and niches within the arches contain the statues. (Chartres,Online 1). Within the confines of the Cathedral is a sacred re lic that was given by King Charlemagne. It is called the â€Å"Sancta Camisia,† and is said  to be clothing worn by Mary.Charlemagne received it on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. This clothing, also called the cloak of the Virgin, was the source of much pilgrimage during the medieval times. The Cathedral was the life of the town and these pilgrimages brought in much revenue that the town depended upon. These pilgrimages occurred four times a year. Chartres, Wikipedia, 1). Although Raphael despised the Gothic style and named it derisively after the savage Goths who had ransacked Rome, the style survived and is an everlasting style of beauty and majesty. It is a wonderful contribution from the Middle Ages.

Representations of Australia and its Soldiers essays

Representations of Australia and its Soldiers essays Different people think differently of Australia and its soldiers in the First World War. They have been depicted differently by many sources. It is obvious that there is a general opinion that the Australian soldiers at Gallipoli were eager, determined and very brave. But some have described them in a very different way. In the film Gallipoli, the character of Archy is seen to be a determined and brave young man who lost his life in what seemed a useless attack on the Turks. Frank is a cautious and sometimes bad tempered man who is also very brave and had to run through places where snipers could easily get him. He doesnt die but did a lot to help the Australians. These two, though, also had some bad points. They scratched their names on the pyramids, Frank started to argue with a shopkeeper and Archy shouldnt have been at the war at all because he was underage. In a book called Australia and the Great War, one extract says that Australians were riotous, undisciplined, loutish and disobedient. They supposedly had wild donkey ides, riots in Brothels, threw drivers off trams, scratched their names on the pyramids and had fights with shop owners. In a newspaper article, Australian soldiers are said to have made an inspiring scene in which to make her European debut as a fighting unit of the Empire. They say that after already doing this they should get all the Australians back home. In Gallipoli, once again, you get the idea that it was the Britishs fault for the loss of so many lives in Gallipoli. The British were said to be drinking tea when the Australians were fighting. The officer who order the continuation of the assault at The Nek has a British accent in the movie when he was actually Australian. This shows that many people think that in was the British who killed the Australians. Most sources tell of Australia as a country with a red, barren and harsh environment. Most people then onl...

World War I - Battle of Caporetto on the Italian Front

World War I - Battle of Caporetto on the Italian Front Battle of Caporetto - Conflict Dates: The Battle of Caporetto was fought October 24-November 19, 1917, during World War I (1914-1918). Armies Commanders Italians General Luigi CadornaGeneral Luigi Capello15 divisions, 2213 guns Central Powers General Otto von BelowGeneral Svetozar Boroevic25 divisions, 2,200 guns Battle of Caporetto - Background: With the conclusion of the Eleventh Battle of Isonzo in September 1917, Austro-Hungarian forces were nearing the point of collapse in the area around Gorizia. Faced with this crisis, Emperor Charles I sought aid from his German allies. Though the Germans felt that the war would be won on the Western Front, they agreed to provide troops and support for a limited offensive designed to throw the Italians back across the Isonzo River and, if possible, past the Tagliamento River. For this purpose, the composite Austro-German Fourteenth Army was formed under the command of General Otto von Below. Battle of Caporetto - Preparations: In September, the Italian commander-in-chief, General Luigi Cadorna, became aware that an enemy offensive was in the offing. As a result, he ordered the commanders of the Second and Third Armies, Generals Luigi Capello and Emmanuel Philibert, to begin preparing defenses in depth to meet any attack. Having issued these orders, Cadorna failed to see that they were obeyed and instead began an inspection tour of other fronts which lasted until October 19. On the Second Army front, Capello did little as he preferred to plan for an offensive in the Tolmino area. Further weakening Cadornas situation was an insistence on keeping the bulk of the two armies troops on the east bank of the Isonzo despite the fact that the enemy still held crossings to the north. As a result, these troops were in prime position to be cut off by an Austro-German attack down the Isonzo Valley. In addition, the Italian reserves on the west bank were placed too far to the rear to rapidly aid the front lines. For the upcoming offensive, Below intended to launch the main assault with the Fourteenth Army from a salient near Tolmino. This was to be supported by secondary attacks to the north and south, as well as by an offensive near the coast by General Svetozar Boroevics Second Army. The assault was to be preceded by a heavy artillery bombardment as well as the use of poison gas and smoke. Also, Below intended to employ a substantial number of storm troopers which were to use infiltration tactics to pierce the Italian lines. With planning complete, Below began shifting his troops into place. This done, the offensive commenced with the opening bombardment which began before dawn on October 24. Battle of Caporetto - The Italians Routed: Caught by complete surprise, Capellos men suffered badly from the shelling and gas attacks. Advancing between Tolmino and Plezzo, Belows troops were able to quickly shatter the Italian lines and began driving west. Bypassing Italian strong points, the Fourteenth Army advanced over 15 miles by nightfall. Surrounded and isolated, the Italian posts in its rear were reduced in the coming days. Elsewhere, the Italian lines held and were able to turn back Belows secondary attacks, while the Third Army held Boroevic in check (Map). Despite these minor successes, Belows advance threatened the flanks of the Italian troops to the north and south. Alerted to the enemy breakthrough, Italian morale elsewhere on the front began to plummet. Though Capello recommended a withdrawal to the Tagliamento on the 24th, Cadorna refused and worked to rescue the situation. It was not until a few days later, with Italian troops in full retreat that Cadorna was forced to accept that a movement to the Tagliamento was inevitable. At this point, vital time had been lost and Austro-Germans forces were in close pursuit. On October 30, Cadorna ordered his men to cross the river and establish a new defensive line. This effort took four days and was quickly thwarted when German troops established a bridgehead over the river on November 2. By this point, the stunning success of Belows offensive began to hinder operations as the Austro-German supply lines were unable to keep up with the speed of the advance. With the enemy slowing, Cadorna ordered a further retreat to the Piave River on November 4. Though large numbers of Italian troops had been captured in the fighting, the bulk of his troops from the Isonzo region were able to form a strong line behind the river by November 10. A deep, wide river, the Piave finally brought the Austro-German advance to an end. Lacking the supplies or equipment for an attack across the river, they elected to dig in. Battle of Caporetto - Aftermath: The fighting at the Battle of Caporetto cost the Italians around 10,000 killed, 20,000 wounded, and 275,000 captured. Austro-German casualties numbered around 20,000. One of the few clear victories of World War I, Caporetto saw the Austro-German forces advance around 80 miles and reach a position from which they could strike at Venice. In the wake of the defeat, Cadorna was removed as chief of staff and replaced with General Armando Diaz. With their allys forces badly wounded, the British and French sent five and six divisions respectively to bolster the Piave River line. Austro-German attempts to cross the Piave that fall were turned back as were attacks against Monte Grappa. Though a massive defeat, Caporetto rallied the Italian nation behind the war effort. Within a few months the losses of material had been replaced and the army quickly recovered its strength through the winter of 1917/1918. Selected Sources First World War: Battle of CaporettoHistory of War: Battle of Caporetto