Carbonate and hydrochloric acid Essay Example for Free

Carbonate and hydrochloric astringent EssayIf you have a two fixed slew of hydrochloric acid, which have both been crushed up, the one with the sm bother particles will have a high consider of reply, due to the fact that there is a higher surface ara exposed to the hydrochloric acid. A good example to compare this to would be slicing a loaf of bread, thus spreading butter on it. The more thinner you cut each slice of bread, the more you rear get which means that you would be able to spread more butter. This type of opening is known as the bread and butter theory and is often employ in biology.The higher surface area of marble chips there is that is in wrap up with the hydrochloric acid, the higher the roll of reaction, and the more products that are formed in a given meter of time. Light Some chemical reactions are affected by the presence of light. One example of a reaction that depends on the presence of sunlight is photosynthesis, which only takes place when sunl ight falls on a plant, which contains putting surface pigmentation called chlorophyll. Another example of a reaction that only takes place in the presence of light is that which occurs when a photograph is taken.Inside the camera is a straightforward film, which a clear plastic film that is covered in an emulsion of a layer of gelatine which is filled with millions of tiny crystals of cash halides, especially silver bromide (AgBr). The emulsion that is used is similar for both colour and black and white film. The only difference is that the colour film contains three layers of emulsion which all contain different dyes. When light falls hits a silver bromide molecule, silver cations (Ag+) accepts an electron from the bromine ions (Br-) creating a silver atom. Ag+ + e- Ag plate ion + Electron Silver atomThe bromine atoms that are produced are then trapped in the gelatine. The more light that hits the photographic film the greater the core of silver that is deposited. As you tric k see, most of the ways of increasing the reckon of reactivity involve increasing the number of successful collisions within the reaction itself. at a time you do this the rate of reaction should increase. tho, just increasing the number of collisions doesnt necessarily mean that the rate of reaction is increased. This is because in order to increase the rate of reaction you need to increase the number of successful collisions.When collisions occur, if they do not have large energy, which is in the form of kinetic energy, then they would repel each other. However if they do have enough energy, then they would combine, which is a successful collision. The way in which the rate of reaction is calculated is by using the following enactment Reaction rate= change in amount (or assimilation) of a substance/products produced Time taken Therefore, in this case, I will be measuring the rate of reaction by measuring the quantity of products formed. The formula would then be Reaction rat e= carbon dioxide produced.Time taken Using this method you can work out the average rate of reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid in the time given for the experiment. The rate at which it reacts would be measured in x grams/minute. Aim The aim of this experiment is to see how the rate of reaction can be affected by a ingredient variable. The variable that we chose was the concentration of the acid, so the aim is to see how the concentration of hydrochloric acid can affect the rate of reactivity. Prediction Substances are prone to burn more than faster in the presence of oxygen.For example a charcoal in a barbeque would often be burning quite slowly with a red glow. However, when you blow on t, the coal would become even hotter as it gets more red, and my even burst into flames. This is as you are blowing a higher concentration of oxygen onto it. Another example is acetylene, which burns extremely rapidly in the presence of pure oxygen. The energy produced, in the form of heat, is enough to burn by metal, which is what it is used for C2H2 + 2. 5O2 2CO2 + H2O + heat Acetylene + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water + heat energy.Chemical reactions occur when successful collisions occur between particles. This is when particles gain enough speed that when they collide with each other they join together. Successful collisions between acetylene molecules and oxygen molecules occur when pure oxygen is used instead of air. Therefore, the rate of reaction increases the rate of reaction as well as increasing the amount of heat given off. From this, I can therefore predict that as you increase the concentration of the hydrochloric acid, you would also be increasing the rate of reaction.I predict that the shape of the graph would look like so This is as the rate of reaction at the beginning would be quite rapid. This would eventually slow down due to the fact that the calcium chloride and the hydrochloric acid are being used up. I therefore predict that t he shape of the graph would eventually level off, and all of the lines (the concentrations) should end up at the same level in the end. former Investigation There are two methods that may be used to measure the rate of reaction, which are * How fast the reactants are used up.How fast the products are formed The method we are using is to measure how fast the products are formed in this case how fast the carbon dioxide is formed. Preliminary experiments were performed beforehand to fancy how the actual experiment should be carried out, finalize on the quantities of substances used as well as comprehend the observations in the experiment, i. e. effervescence, in order to acknowledge the reaction. First, we had to square up on the concentration of hydrochloric acid used. The fist concentration that was tried was 3 molar, which I decided was too fast.This was as the reading on the fluff syringe went above the maximum level quite rapidly, which is not sufficient as it means that the results would not be adequate enough to make a trend, which is the master(prenominal) aim of this investigation. The next concentration level that was tried was 2 molar, which I decided was adequate enough for the maximum concentration. Even though the reading in the gas syringe did go above the maximum, I did keep in mind that I was going to be using a larger gas syringe for the actual experiment.Therefore the maximum concentration of acid that is going to be used is 2 molar, which is the variable. We are then going to reduce this to 1. 8 molar, 1. 6 molar, 1. 4 molar, 1. 2 molar and then finally 1 molar. I believe that these sets of variables would be adequate enough in order to identify a trend. After deciding on the quantities used, I then had to decide what volume of acid I was going to be using. The first volume I tried was 0. 5ml, which was too slow. I then tired 10 ml, which was again proving to be quite a slow reaction.So I then bivalent the volume of the acid, which I b elieved was satisfactory, as the rate of reaction was good, and the amount of co2 produced was satisfactory, as it did not go over the syringe limit. I then had to decide what mass of calcium carbonate chips I had to use. The first mass that I had tried was 0. 5grams, which produced a far too slow rate of reaction. I then tried 2 grams of calcium carbonate, which was too fast of a reaction, and the amount of CO2 produced was off the reading on the gas syringe, so I halved it to 1 gram, which was satisfactory.The amount of time I am going to use is 90 seconds (one and a half minutes) as I believe that this is a sufficient amount of time in which I will be able to identify any trend between the concentration of hydrochloric acid and the amount of carbon dioxide produced. hither are the results for the volume of acid immersion of acid 1M Mass of marble chips 1. 0 gram Volume of acid used 5 ml. Time (s) Concentration of acid 1M Mass of marble chips 1. 0 gram Volume of acid 10 ml Time ( s).Concentration of acid 1M Mass of marble chips 1. 0 gram Volume of acid 20ml TConcentration of acid 1M Mass of marble chips 1 gram Volume of acid 20ml Time (s) + Here are the results for the concentration of hydrochloric acid Concentration of acid 2M Mass of marble chips1 gram Volume of acid 20ml Time (s) 2 produced (cm3) + Concentration of acid 1M Mass of marble chips 1 gram Volume of acid 20ml Time (s)(cm3) The overall result for the preliminary investigation using the correct quantities would be Time (s) 1 produced (cm3) with 1M The graph for the preliminary investigation looked like thisShow preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Patterns of Behaviour section.

Cultural Diversity Phase Essay Example for Free

Cultural Diversity Phase EssayIn the society, cultural diversity is an evident and become preponderant concept wherein it commonly affects the social structures and processes in the society. This is mainly because cultural diversity significantly cause the society to be segregated into their respective social minority groups with their cultural differences serving as the gap and blocking wall between these groups. In addition, cultural diversity also has caused certain negative social problems such as discrimination and oppression worsening the difficulty of social separation.Because of which, the negative aspect of multiculturalism and the social tension it has produced should be sufficiently addressed. Different social groups and institutions be making different steps and approaches to bridge the gap of multiculturalism in every individual and social minority. This includes cultural information campaign to educate the society nearly the different culture of each group to answer the different inquisition of each individual thus eliminating the problem of cultural misconception and misunderstanding.In addition, community groups be also establishing social groups and institutions that request participation from different cultural groups giving them a chance to communicate and relate to other groups tearing down themselves the walls created by multiculturalism. These programs and community efforts are established to promote communication and social involvement of each social minority in the campaign to address social unity.Multiculturalism in the present society serves as a hindering wall thus, this hindrance must be torn down using intercultural communication and social participation. interposition must also be done in facilitating cooperative approaches to ensure its advantage. With this approach implemented, society as a whole would be one-step close together(predicate) in making a harmonious relationship between culturally diversified social group s. Bibliography Parekh, Bhikhu (2006). Rethinking Multiculturalism Cultural Diversity and Political Theory. Palgrave Macmillan. Second Edition.

Toyota Company Limited Essay Example for Free

Toyota Company Limited EssayBACKGROUNDWhen we talk about party, we atomic number 18 public lecture of the worlds seventh largest corporation. On the car manufacture Industry, the connection is the third ranked.Toyota is a Japan based motor company that manufacturers cars, vans, Lorries and tractors selling them to a wide variety of global trades. It is also a renowned manufacturer of tracks and motor car accessories.Toyota Company started in 1937 with the headquarters currently based in Japan. The very first car that the company manufactured was the Toyota AA in the early 1930s. Later, new brands emerged like the Luxuries, Lexus. These gave rise to more Luxurious brands like the Tundra, Camry, Scion and Prius.Currently, the company manufactures and sells millions of vehicles each(prenominal) year. In 2008 for instance, it plans to manufacturer more than ten million vehicles.The company has set up trade bases in the UK and parts of Asia to help in the marketing of its vehi cles. To-date, the company boasts of profits of up to $ 12 billion (made in 2006) accompanied with increased sales. To further boast its market share, the company has acquired stakes in other go companies like ISUZU Motors (6%) and in Fuji industries (8%).The companys shares are traded publicly on the New York stock exchange.Products and Services offeredToyota produces the following Toyota type of cars Hilax Surf, Land Cruiser, RAV4, Caldina and Auris. new(prenominal) brands include Vitz and Lexus.Toyota also offers financial service such as giving credit in form of Loans to small and medium enterprises. The company offers these financial services to over twenty five countries across the globe. The Toyota subsidiaries operating these financial services are wholly owned by the parent Toyota Company. Started in Australia, the services are now offered Europe, USA and Asia.Besides, automobiles, the company also make robots and has even entered the textile industry. The company is best known in making computerized loans and sewing machines.Corporation civilization and ManagementThe company has development out of certain believes which the members of supply and pate corporate directors hold. To them, charge decisions are based on long-term developments rather than school-term objectives. thither is a culture of consensus in decision-making as opposed to chest thumping and neglect. There is also the culture of people avoiding fixing of problems, instead of getting look of work is advocated for. There is always the desire of using only high technology in the manufacturer of vehicles that would satisfy customers.The company doesnt believe in wastages. By-products of processes are used as raw materials of other processes. Work is planned in such a way that there are no over-production unneeded motions of medicines. Waiting costs are also kept at a minimum through thoroughly calculated machine operations.The company deals with its clients with the highest level of accountability. all(prenominal) brand of vehicle truly represents what its descriptions are. The profit margins and mark-ups (of cost) are calculated without customer exploitation.Mission statementTo have a profitable growth through the render of the best services to customers and support is the dealers.The company aims at becoming the best companies across the globe.Organizational structureToyota has a flat organizational structure with the managing handler who doubles as the Chairman being at the top.Down the hierarchy is the General Manager and various managers who report to the General Manager. These are Financial Manager, marketing Manager, Commercial Manager, After-Sales Manager and the Administration Manager.The Commercial manager influences the retail sales, marketing, Fleet sales, Long-term rental, and daily rental. Under the financial manager are the internal control , accounting and the financial analysis incisions. The After sales manager governs the Buying and Pur chase shops, customer care and accessories.Departments under the admistrative manager are the human resources, financing, reading Technology, Purchasing and Quality control management.All these work towards realizing the overall goals of Toyota.Decision-making strategiesIn Toyota, anybody is brought into board as far as decision making is concerned. However, the junior staff do not make decisions rather are given the chance to express their suggestions in a written platform. It is on the basis of these suggestions that policy is theorize by top management.SWOT analysis is greatly employed before decisions can be made on pertinent issues. SWOT means Strengths, Weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The management evaluates what their strengths are before a decision to embark on a new brand is reached and before making any new acquisitions among other some(prenominal) decisions. Other new opportunities are also rated against the companys strengths. The company uses the knowledge o f its weaknesses to seek for means of reducing them against the threats imposed by the environmentThe pros and cons of every aspect is also looked at before decisions are made. The direction the decision would take would then depend on the number of merits and demerits if a given raceway is undertaken.In complex areas, the company applies scientific processes like linear programming and other stochastic models to make decisions.Motivational StrategiesTop management get their goals punish through the employees. It is therefore important to ensure that employees are motivated for them to effectively carry out their daily chores.The management of Toyota has however ensured that its workforce is highly motivated to avoid problems associated with demotivation such as go-slows, sit-downs and strikes. One of the things that Toyota has d wizard is to empower employees. Toyota comprises of very many departments each of which is occupied by persons qualified in that field. Every department has been left to make control its own activities whereby people are left to make their own decisions. There is little or no interference from the top management who feel that such an arrangement makes the employees to feel a sense of ownership of the company.To foster empowerment of employees, suggestion boxes are evenly distributed within the company premises. They use these boxes to air their grievances without fear or intimidation. This doesnt end here because the management meets regularly with the employees to deliberate on the findings of their suggestions.BenefitsEmployees of Toyota get some rebates/discounts on the market price of the vehicles. This special concession has been in existent for quite some time.Workers also obtain gifts for better performance be it in the sales and marketing department or the assembly department. The gifts range from cash to even free motorcars. In this way they are motivated to perform even better in the season that would follow.The Toyota co mpanys employees also have a savings plan/ scheme to which they make annual savings. This gives them financial security even later on their terms of services expire. They do not fall short of a healthy insurance Scheme that gives them a surety of compensation incase one gets ill or is injured while serving the company.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Types, Causes and Effects

Inflammatory Bowel Disease Types, Causes and EffectsChapter 1 THE INFLAMMATORY bowel infirmityWHAT IS INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASEInflammatory bowel infirmity (IBD) means chronic inflammation of all or part of your digestive tract. IBD bottom be classified into two, which is, ulcerative colitis and Crohns unhealthiness. IBD is precise annoying and debilitating, and rouse some generation lead to livelihood-threatening complications. The IBD is called an auto repellent disease be earn the bodys immune system attacks the digestive system. The disease is so ascetical that it whitethorn cause group AB pain, slanty diarrhea, cramps and fever.This is however different from Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS).DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE (IBD) AND INLAMMATORY BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS)The difference between the IBS and the IBD is that IBD is structural, but IBS is not. If the gut is examined by x-ray, endoscopy, biopsy or surgery, structural damage to the gut end be seen. In IBD, the damage is caused by the inflammation and may require heavy duty medication, or plain surgery. Whereas in IBS, the examination of the gut of a person having IBS would help detect nothing. It can all be detected by gut symptoms. These may include ab cramps or pain, harder or looser bowel movements than average, excess gas, diarrhea and constipation or alternating between the two.Both of these affect people of all ages but young people be mostly affected. Females have much chances of having IBS. IBD has no grammatical gender preference but is mostly found in Jews and people from Northern Europe. IBS is a worldwide disorder, while IBD is prominent in the planets clement zones.In IBD, the gut is damaged by chronic inflammation. The damage is fought by the defense mechanism of the body resulting in fever and malaise. The bowels ar disrupted, they may turn tail and anemia is common too. There is inability to eat during attacks, inflammation is caused which results in wasting of energy, ultimately resulting in free weight loss and malnutrition.IBS cannot be identified by findings of physical examination. However, the structural damage caused by IBD is as head capable of producing striking physical findings like a mass in the abdomen, or the symptoms such as that of weight loss and anemia. Other differences include the need for surgery in IBD, which is not required in IBS. IBS does not induce complications in the gut, skin, joints and eyes, but IBD does.CROHNS DISEASE This is the type of IBD that may involve any part(s) of the gastrointestinal tract, ranging from mouth to anus. Listed below ar a few characteristic features fire usually occurs in patches.The pain is usually experienced in the lower right abdomen.The colon may turn thick and might appear to be rocky.Ulcers in and along the digestive tract atomic number 18 very deep, sometimes extending into every layer of the bowel wall.During bowel movement, rectal bleeding is not common.Ulcer ative colitis is the fleck type of IBD, which is taken up in the subsequent chapters.Chapter 2 ULCERATIVE COLITISDefining Ulcerative colitisColitis means the inflammation of the colon, or more largely, inflammation of the large intestine ( that comprises of colon, caecum and rectum). Ulcerative colitis is a disease of the colon, which is the largest part of the large intestine, characterized by ulcers (open sores). These ulcers argon painful wounds, they may bleed and in like manner produce mucus and pus. The mucosa (inner lining) of the intestine becomes red and swollen. The rectal area is most severely affected. If the lining of the colon is damaged, it may cause bloody diarrhea.Where Crohns disease can affect almost any part of the digestive tract, Ulcerative colitis only affects the large intestine. Crohns disease can be treated by removing the affected parts and reconnecting the healthy ones. Whereas to treat ulcerative colitis, one may have to remove the large intestine comp letely (called colectomy). It can occur at upliftedly irregular intervals, at times, with symptoms extremely severe, and sometimes, no symptoms at all.Ulcerative Colitis- An autoimmune conditionIn autoimmunity, an organism fails to recognize its own constituent parts as self, and thus leads to an immune response against its own tissues and cells. Such diseases are termed as autoimmune diseases.In some some other words, our bodys defense mechanism goes wrong and attacks its own healthy tissue. There are harmless bacteria present inside the colon, which are nonsensical to be harmful by the defense mechanism, and are attacked, leading to inflammation.Classifying Ulcerative ColitisUlcerative ProctitisThis is Ulcerative colitis in its around the bendest form. There is inflammation only within the rectal area. The various signs and symptoms are as followsRectal painRectal bleedingThere is an urge to move the bowels but inability to do so.ProctosigmoiditisThis involves the lower end o f the colon, that is, the sigmoid colon and the rectum. The signs and symptoms are as followsAbdominal painBloody diarrheaAbdominal crampsConstant urge to go to the thunder mugLeft sided colitisThere in inflammation in the rectum, up on the left side along the sigmoid colon and the descending colon. The signs and symptoms areAbdominal cramping on the left sideBloody diarrheaWeight lossPancolitis (Universal colitis)This involves and affects the whole colon. The signs and symptoms areBloody diarrhea (there may be severe bouts)Abdominal painAbdominal crampsWeight lossFatigueFulminant ColitisThis is the most rare form of colitis and it can be life threatening. It affects the whole colon. Patients execrable from fulminant colitis are at a constant risk of toxic megacolon (the colon becomes swollen, or bloated, or distended) and colon rupture. The signs and symptoms are as followsSevere diarrhea, that can lead to shock and dehydrationSevere painSYMPTOMS OF ULCERATIVE COLITISThe Gastroin testinal symptoms includeDiarrhea with blood and mucus. This implies the inactive onset of the disease which may persist for an extended period, maybe weeks. If rectal examination is conducted, blood may be found. The diligents also suffer from drastic weight loss. Due to the inflammation and extreme loss of blood from the gastrointestinal tract, anaemia may occur. There may be mild abdominal muscle pain, or painful bowel movements accompanied with painful abdominal cramping. adept may even experience fatigue and loss of appetite.One may experience very mild or almost no symptoms, called remission, which may be followed by symptoms that are troublesome, called flare-ups or relapses. These may be triggered by stress. Flare-ups may be very troublesome, in which patients may have to forsake their bowels about six times or more each day. Heartbeat may be fast or irregular, accompanied by shortness of breath and high fever.Severity of the diseaseMild diseaseThis means less than four stools each day. Blood may be present or absent. Patient may experience mild cramping and abdominal pain. The patient may feel constipated, with a continuous feeling of needing to empty the bowel, with cramping or pain and little or almost no fecal output.Moderate diseaseThis means more than four stools each day. Patient also displays signs of anemia, fever around 100 to 102 degrees Fahrenheit.Severe DiseaseThis means around six stools with blood each day, implying observable bowel movement, toxicity demonstrated in the form of fever, anaemia and tachycardia.Fulminant DiseaseThis means more than or equal to ten bowel movements each day, accompanied by continuous bleeding, abdominal tenderness, toxicity, colonic dilation and blood transfusion is often required. Patients may have toxic megacolon as the inflammation extends beyond the mucosal layer. At times, the serous tissue layer also gets involved causing colonic perforation. If not treated, fulminant disease may lead to death.Ext raintestinal SymptomsAs ulcerative colitis is an autoimmune disease, patients may go up symptoms as well as complications outside the colon. These includeUlcers in the mouth.Opthalmic Irritated and red eyes, or inflammation o iris called iritis.Musculoskeletal swollen-headed joints (arthritis). These may be large joints, or small joints of hands or feet. Or joints of the spine.Cutaneous Inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue.Painful and ulcerating lesion of the skin.A deformity of the ends of the fingers (Clubbing).Inflammation of the bile ducts (Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis).Chapter 3 Causes of Ulcerative ColitisThe causes of Ulcerative Colitis are still not known. Yet, the possible causes are listed belowGENETICSThe disease can be inherited if one has a close relative suffering from the disease. therefrom it can be found in the family. The regions of the genome that can be united to this disease are the chromosome number 1, 3, 5, 6, 12, 14, 16, 19. Since none of these have been faulty continuously, it has led to a conclusion that the disease occurs collectible to a combination of various genes. One of the regions, for example, has been linked to ulcerative colitis is chromosome band 1p36.ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORSInflammation may be encouraged by diet. For example, if there is a large intake of vitamin b6 and unsaturated fat affect the developing of ulcerative colitis. There are many other discovered dietary factors which may lead to the relapse or education of the disease, like meat protein and alcoholic beverages. Vitamin D deficiency is also a leading cause of the disease. Breastfeeding may also lead to the development of the disease.The role of atomic number 16 in Ulcerative ColitisSulphur is found in many foods and messages like milk, eggs, cheese, mayonnaise. It is also used as a food preservative because it stabilizes protein structures. It also prevents microbial growth during fermentation of wine and beer.Bacteria that are present in the bowe l convert the sulphur present in the food to hydrogen sulphide, which is called fermentation. This substance is harmful as it can cause abdominal pain and urgent and frequent bowel movements. Because of the already existing inflammation of the bowel lining, patients suffering from ulcerative colitis find it difficult to break down the gas as they produce more hydrogen sulphide than normal. This toxic substance, in high amounts, reduces the protective unction of the cells that are lining the bowel. It can also cause cell death and induce ulceration in the superficial mucosa of the intestine. Hence the cells lining the colon are harmed.IMMUNE SYSTEMTheories suggest that a virus or a bacterium also may trigger ulcerative colitis as the digestive tract may become inflamed when the immune system tries to get rid of the invading microorganism (pathogen). This inflammation is caused due to the release of white blood cells to destroy the present pathogen. This may lead to an autoimmune rea ction/condition in which the body produces an immune response even during the absence of the pathogen. This happens because the body tries to eliminate pathogens which are either gut friendly, or non-existent.RISK FACTORSThe factors that raise the risk of developing Ulcerative colitis are as followsAge Though it may affect people at any and every age, it is more commonly found in people aged 15 to 30.Genetics If someone has a close relative with the Crohns disease or ulcerative colitis, they are at a high risk of development of the disease.Isotretinoin The give-and-take of cystic acne is often through with(p) with the help of this medicine. It can cure other kinds of acne too, but it increases the risk of this disease. The medicine is also called Accutane. Amnesteem, Sotret and Claravis (These are the various other brand names).Appendectomy The removal of the appendix may lead to the reduction of the risk of developing ulcerative colitis but an increased risk of Crohns disease.Cha pter 4 DIAGNOSISUlcerative colitis is diagnosed only when the possible signs and symptoms of infection, Crohns disease, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and colon cancer have been ruled out. The following tests are carried outBLOOD TESTSThey help to check anaemia, and also help to diagnose the name of the bowel disease the patient has.STOOL SAMPLEIf there are white blood cells present in the stool, it implies that the patient is suffering from an inflammatory disease, possibly ulcerative colitis. It also helps rule out other diseases, like those caused by bacteria, viruses and parasites. Clostridium difficile usually causes diarrhea but also common amongst people suffering from ulcerative colitis. Bowel infection can also be check this way.COLONOSCOPYThe entire colon can be viewed using a flexible, thin and lighted tube which has a camera attached to it. Small tissue samples are also taken (called biopsy) so that a laboratory analysis can be conducted and ulcerative colitis may be di agnosed.SIGMOIDOSCOPYThis test is done if the colon is inflamed severely. A thin, lighted and flexible tube is used to examine the last portion of the colon, the sigmoid. But the drawback of this procedure is that the problems occurring higher up the colon may be missed and a full picture of the affected colon is not achieved.BARIUM ENEMAThe entire large intestine can be examined using an X-Ray. A contrast solution of barium accompanied with some air is placed into the bowel with the help of an enema. Once the barium coats the entire lining of the colon, rectum and a part of the large intestine, it creates a silhouette. This is a dangerous test and hence rarely used because the pressure that is applied to inflate the colon and coat it may lead to its rupture.X-RAYAn X-ray of the abdominal area can be done to rule out the possibility of toxic megacolon and perforation as these conditions may appear because of the severe symptoms.CT SCANThis scan is carried out to check the extent of inflammation of the colon. The abdomen and pelvis are scanned if complications due to ulcerative colitis are observed or an inflamed small intestine that may be because of Crohns disease.VIDEO CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY (VCE)In this test, a patient swallows a capsule containing a camera which takes pictures of the intestine as it travels through it and sends them to a recorder wirelessly. The pictures can then be reviewed.Chapter 5 TREATMENTThe treatment of ulcerative colitis is done on the basis of the severity of the disease. It mainly consists of changes in the diet and medication. If symptoms are found to be severe and long lasting, more medicines may be required or even surgery. But medicines cannot completely the disease. They can only minimize the risk of cancer, induce remissions and maintain them and improve the lineament of life.AMINOSALICYLATESThese are anti- inflammatory drugs that are used to induce and maintain remission. 5-aminosalicylic acid (5- ASA) produces the anti-inflam matory action. Examples of aminosalicylates are-MESALAZINE Also called Pentasa, Octasa and AsacolSULFASALAZINE This belongs to a class of antibiotics and it decomposed in the intestine to release 5-ASA.Since this substance is not entirely absorbed by the intestine, it gives a topical relief.CORTICOSTEROIDSThese are often used with 5-ASA drugs to induce remission of ulcerative colitis. These work by the block the parts where leukocyte adhesion cascade occurs to induce inflammation. These have many side effects like the puffiness on the face, called moon face, and manic behavior. It may also cause bipolar disorder, inducing periods of elevated mood and depression.Examples include Cortisone, Hydrocortisone, Prednisone.IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE DRUGSThese inhibit the immune system. They stop cell division of white blood cells that occur as an immune response. Examples are Mercaptopurine, Methotrexate, Azathioprine.DIET MODIFICATIONFresh fruit, carbonated drink and caffeine should be avoided by patients suffering from diarrhea and abdominal cramping.Some patients show lactose intolerance (they are not able to digest lactose) hence they cant consume lactose. To supplement the bone loss, calcium is given to them.The gastrointestinal and auto-immune symptoms can be helped by using the Specific Carbohydrate Diet that allows only the use of monosaccharides and not the other carbohydrates.At times due to metabolic defects, Hydrogen Peroxide may build up underneath the membrane that usually protects the walls of the intestine from the bacteria that are present. To protect ourselves from these oxidants, a need to take antioxidants arises. These include vitamins A, E, C, Selenium and manganese.HERBAL MEDICINEWhile Kampo is a medicine that is used in Japan, Boswellia is and Ayurvedic medicine that can be used as an alternative to other drugs.Medicinal cannabis can also be used as it helps reducing abdominal discomfort and abdominal irritability caused by ulcerative colitis.HELMINTH IC THERAPYSometimes, parasites may help in the reduction of the immune response of the intestine. Whipworm may be used for this purpose. Reduction of immune response may help in the complete elimination of ulcerative colitis.SURGERYColectomy is required to remove all or a part of the colon when it gets infected and begins to spread the infection to other parts.It can be classified as followsTOTAL COLECTOMY The entire colon is removedPARTIAL COLECTOMY The entire colon is not removed, but only a part of it is.HEMICOLECTOMY Removal of the left or right part of the colonPROCTOCOLECTOMY Removal of the colon as well as the rectum.Once colectomy is performed, the remaining portions of the gastrointestinal tract are reattached in order to allow the waste to be eliminated from the body.

Effects of Activities of Fluorides and Salivary Amylase

Effects of Activities of Fluorides and Salivary AmylaseEver since 1919, effects of activities of fluorides and salivary amylase have been reported. Nonetheless, research on effects of salivary amylase and fluorides activities are limited. investigating carried out by several researchers on salivary amylase about splitting properties of starch to dental consonant tooth decay development showed mixed results. While some other studies implied a correlation between dental caries and high activities of salivary amylase, some research on the same topic showed negative correlation. At the same time, other studies showed no correlation at all (Vergona, 1993).Salivary amylase aids in metabolism and colonization of streptococcus that lead to dental plague and dental caries formation. It acts as a receptor on which microorganism sticks to tooth surfaces. Moreover it has capabilities of binding to surfaces of bacteria and hydrolyses starch to produce products that are altered to form acids. I n in vivo and in vitro studies, it is indicated that atomic number 11 fluoride inhibits salivary amylase enzyme when the tightfistedness of fluoride is more than 5 x 10-2 M (BioSciences Information Service of Biological Abstracts, 1978). This means that salivary amylase of human be is non impinged on when fluoride constriction is below 5 x 10-2 M. In vivo study showed that when a rat drinks water that has 25 or 50 ppm of fluorides for a period of four weeks, there is stimulation of salivary amylase secretion and flow rate in parotid secreters (Afonsky, 1961).Influence of human salivary glands by fluoride is through with(p) by use of sodium fluoride solution (NaF) in in vitro experiment. In this experiment, participants are allowed to fast overnight and wash their mouth with water that is distilled before mastication parafilm at around 9 a.m. Saliva is then produced within the next two minutes after water rinsing for a period of ten dollar bill minutes and centrifuged at 125 00 x g in a centrifuge known as Sorvall RC2-B. At this point the saliva ph level is measured (Kettering Laboratory, 1963).The data produced from preliminary analysis of this study do not show any important difference between sexes on activities of salivary amylase. Varying the immersion of NaF ranging (sodium flouride) between 0 and 500 mM do not cause major differences in activities of salivary amylase. When NaF concentration is at snow mM, the activity of salivary amylase is more than 100%. But when the concentration of NaF is at 500mM, the activity of salivary amylase becomes 92.8%. Because of intraoral activity of salivary amylase, it is considered as very important for oral health. Salivary gland produces this enzyme and is found at a low concentration in parotid gland. It is protein in nature and in molecular terms, it has a 62-67 kDa weight. Amylase enzyme digests polysaccharides through hydrolysis of glycogen, 4 glucosidic starch linkages and other polysaccharides (Rajesn dran, 2009).An assay enzyme is made by a mixture that has 3ml of 0.2% of solution of starch, 3% of 0.1M solution of Tris buffer which has a ph of 7.0 and 0.1M solution of saliva raise that is diluted. The assay mixture is warmed at a temperature of 37 degrees Celsius for a period of one hour. Towards the end period of experiment, aliquot solution having 1.0 M is pipetted in a test tube that has a 1.0 N solution of Nelson_Somogyi. This mixture is then heated in hot water for a period not less than ten minutes. 1.0M solution of NaF solution is added to this mixture after cooling down. The resultant solution is suitably diluted and read in a spectrophotometer on 520nm mark.In a latest research, it was shown that a decoction of tea that has high fluoride concentration exhibits no amylase inhibition. Moreover, no enzyme activity is observed on addition of more concentration of NaF (Seifert, 1986). Ph variation of incubation medium cause the NaF inhibition effect. In this experiment, aft er incubation period of one hour, it is impossible to sense variations that are more than 0.01 ph unit. Making a comparison between the joint results gained from the experiment with water and the one that was gotten from rinsing with a solution of 0.05% NaF shows that the difference becomes significantly significant. There is a possibility that huge individual variation gotten from every group is likely to influence analysis.The final results gotten for activity of amylase in in vivo experiment were succumbed to test of Kolmogorov-Smirnov (p tear down though the alpha-amylase shows to be remarkably stable on high ph levels, it is quite possible that detected decrease in enzyme activity levels when it was treated with 100 mM and 500nM NaF solution respectively is caused by increase in ph by the fluoride actions. The stability and activity of human salivary amylase is relied on aluminium and sodium ions that are present. Just like disulfide linkages, aluminium specifically forms cross -links of molecules with the protein of the enzyme. A number of enzymes that need aluminium for activity are slowed down by fluoride. The mechanism used in inhibition seem to be through fluoride that induced aluminium removal as it was suggested in a previous research that used amylase which was obtained from green gram bean seedlings (Thimann, 1944).Another study that has been carried out in Mexico by Alarcon-Herrera et al indicates that spontaneous fractures of bones in adults frequently show decreased tensile intensity level in bones were proportionally higher at 6ppm F concentration in water than at any other concentration level of F(Tmh, 2006). However, dental fluorosis that increases with increased F concentration in water correlates with incidences of bone fractures in both adults as well as children (King Reiss, 2001).ConclusionThis study has shown that the effects of NaF concentration on human salivary amylase activities are shown in in vivo and in vitro experiments. In v itro experiment showed that no statistically considerable difference is observed in the activity of amylase after incubation period of one hour using a fluoride solution that is concentrated to 550mM. With in vivo experiment, the effect of 0.05% solution of sodium fluoride is examined on human salivary amylase that was gathered at different intervals after rinsing the mouth of the participants. For a second time, no statistically considerable difference is examined in the activity of amylase in all the examined samples.

Animal Farm, by George Orwell :: Essays Papers

Animal FarmThis remarkable book was written by George Orwell, whose real name is Eric Blair, and it is about the lives of farm animals who freedom fighter against humans. The animals live on Manor Farm and are owned by Mr. J matchlesss, who always seems to be drunk. The leader of the animals was an old pig named gray-haired Major who one day had a dream about being free from the oppression of man. One evening, Old Major assembled the animals of Manor Farm and talked to them about how they live hard, unawares lives in slavery to the humans and that they should rebel and become free. Old Major got the idea from a song which came to him in a dream, Beasts of England, that was sung when he was a young pig. The song talked about the animals being free one day.No one knew when the rebellion that Old Major talked about would happen, especially after Old Major died three days after the meeting. The pigs, who were the smartest of the animals, picked the dickens most pre-eminent pig s to assume the leadership role that Old Major left. The two pigs names were Snowball and Napoleon. These two pigs got together and organized all of Old Majors thoughts into a system called Animalism. This was taught at night during secret meetings that were held in the big barn and the animals slowly learned it.Then one midsummers eve, the animals rebelled against Mr. Jones and his men because they had not been fed the whole day. This was not a planned attack, but the animals succeeded and kicked Mr. Jones and his men out. The animals were free.The near morning the animals set up rules, The Seven Commandments, and changed the name of the farm from Manor Farm to Animal Farm. Then the animals went out in the field to gather the hay and did it more quickly than Jones and his men ever did. It was also the biggest harvest they had ever seen because there was absolutely no waste. Boxer, a large horse, was a great asset to the animals because he worked as hard as three horses p ut together and he kept pushing himself harder and harder.The animals heard that Jones might return and try to recapture the farm, so the animals started preparing for an attack.

Obesity In America Essay -- Overweight Obese essays

America is one of the richest, most progressive countries in the world. Shouldnt it be one of the healthiest withal? Maybe it should be, but the sad truth is that Americans argon some of the least healthy people in the world. Even though we are musical accompaniment in a rustic with great economic power and technological advancement, we are also living in a country with the smallest origin of practical nutritional knowledge. We are living in a land plagued with obesity. America is one of the richest, most progressive countries in the world. Shouldnt it be one of the healthiest too? Maybe it should be, but the sad truth is that Americans are some of the unhealthiest people in the world. Even though we are living in a country with great economic power and technological advancement, we are also living in a country with the smallest fund of practical nutritional knowledge. We are living in a land plagued with obesity.According to CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention), obes ity in adults has increased by 60% within the past twenty geezerhood and obesity in children has tripled in the past thirty years. A staggering 33% of American adults are obese and obesity-related deaths have climbed to more than 300,000 a year. The American diet and lifestyle is different than all the healthier countries. Living a life on the go, eating fast-food and microwave dinners, the health of the American people has been sacrificed. kind of of eating a ...